1 - Atoms, Molecules, and Quantum Mechanics Flashcards
A, mass number=
Z, atomic number=
X=
Isotopes=
-number of _______ identifies which element; while the number of ______ identifies which isotope.
Avagadro’s number=
—>which is the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of 12C
Mole=
A, mass number= protons + neutrons
Z, atomic number=protons
X= elemental symbol
Isotopes= two or more atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons.
-number of protons identifies which element; while the number of neutrons identifies which isotope.
Avagadro’s number= 6.022x10^23 = 1 gram
—>which is the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of 12C
Mole= (grams)/(atomic or molecular weight)
Period=
Group or families=
Three sections of the periodic table:
1)
2)
3)
Metals=
Nonmetals=
Metalloids=
Period= each horizontal row in the Periodic table
Group or families= vertical columns
Three sections of the periodic table:
1) nonmetals on the right (anions)
2) metals on the left (cations)
3) separating the two is metalloids.
Metals= are large atoms that tend to lose electrons to form positive ions or form positive oxidation states.
Nonmetals= more diver appearances and chemical behaviors. (lower MP, form negative ions)
Metalloids= have characteristics that resemble both metals and nonmetals.
Group B=
- Group 1–>
- Group 2–>
Noble gases=
-Small atoms are able to make strong _______ bonds due to overlap of ____ orbitals, while larger atoms aren’t able to make strong pi bonds; but the larger atoms can have _____ orbitals which allow for more than four bonds.
Group B= transition metals
-Group 1–>alkaline
-Group 2–> alkaline earth metals
MEMORIZE THIS BY ALKALINE COMES FIRST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Noble gases= nonreactive and sometimes called inert gases.
-Small atoms are able to make strong pi bonds due to overlap of p orbitals, while larger atoms aren’t able to make strong pi bonds; but the larger atoms can have d orbitals which allow for more than four bonds.
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)=
Ionization Energy=
Second ionization energy=
Electronegativity=
Electron Affinity=
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)= the amount of charge felt by the second electron.
Ionization Energy= the energy necessary to detach an electron from a nucleus.
Second ionization energy= the energy needed for the removal of a second electron from the same atom. (this one is always MUCH greater)
Electronegativity= the tendency of an atom to attract an electron in a bond that it shares with another atom. (tends to increase from left to right, and from bottom to top on the periodic table, like ionization energy)
Electron Affinity= the willingness of an atom to accept an additional electron.
Covalent bond=
Bond dissociation energy (bond energy)=
Empirical formula=
Molecular formula=
Covalent bond= two electrons are shared by two nuclei.
Bond dissociation energy (bond energy)= the energy necessary to achieve a complete separation is given by the vertical distance on the graph between the bond length and zero.
Empirical formula= of glucose for example (CH2O)
Molecular formula= of glucose again (C6H12O6)
Physical reaction=
Chemical reaction=
Combination= A + B –>
Decomposition= C –>
Single Displacement= A + BC –>
Double Displacement= AB + CD –>
Physical reaction= when a compound undergoes a reaction and maintains its molecular structure and thus its identity.
Chemical reaction= when a compound undergoes a reaction and changes its molecular structure to form a new compound.
Combination= A + B –> C
Decomposition= C –> A + B
Single Displacement= A + BC –> B + AC
Double Displacement= AB + CD –> AD + CB
Valence Electrons=
Planck’s quantum theory:
E photon= hf
both position and momentum (mv) of an electron cannot be _____ with absolute certainty at the same time, since the mass is known then the velocity cannot.
Valence Electrons= the electrons which contribute most to an element’s chemical properties.
Planck’s quantum theory: (delta)E= hfh= 6.6x10^-34 J s
E photon= hf
both position and momentum (mv) of an electron cannot be known with absolute certainty at the same time, since the mass is known then the velocity cannot.
Number, character, symbol, and value
