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2: Personality & Individual Differences > 1: Approaches to Personality > Flashcards

1: Approaches to Personality Flashcards

1
Q

define: personality

A

the non-physical (behavioural/psychological) aspects of someone

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2
Q

define: persona

A

mask worn to portray a character (the role one plays in life’s drama)

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3
Q

what is the nomothetic approach to personality?

A

there is a certain brain area for each function of personality

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4
Q

what is the idiographic approach to personality?

A

our personality comes as a result of the balancing the needs of the id, ego & superego

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5
Q

how does the nomothetic approach to personality explain individual differences?

A

individual differences can be described and explained in terms of predefined attributes

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6
Q

how does the idiographic approach to personality approach explaining individual differences?

A

individuals are so unique that two different people cannot be described using the same concepts

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7
Q

what is the situational approach to personality?

A

personality is a series of largely unrelated states, primarily determined by situational factors, no core essences, but distinct behavioral signatures (eg if A -> B)

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8
Q

what is the dispositional approach to personality?

A

personality is seen as consistent, internal dispositions to think/ act/ feel in similar ways independent of the situation - eg an extroverted person will almost always be more extroverted than an introverted person

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9
Q

what approaches do most modern personality theories take?

A

nomothetic & dispositional

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10
Q

how does the dispositional approach explain situational differences

A

Dispositional theorists do not deny a role of context/situation in moderating behaviour. But if you are extroverted, you will still be more sociable across the board than a more introverted personal
Traits also influence the types of situations encountered.

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11
Q

What is the 4 temperament approach?

A

Origins of Personality theory in ancient Greece philosophy.
Rooted in descriptions of physical and mental disturbance.
The temperament someone has comes as a result of 4 bodily fluids

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12
Q

what are the 4 temperaments and what do they coincide with?

A

Phlegmatic: calm, relaxed
Choleric: angry
Sanguine: happy
Melancholic: depressed, unhappy

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13
Q

who first described physical illnesses as arising from balance of bodily fluids (humours)

A

Hippocrates

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14
Q

who applied the bodily fluid = illness theory to temperament?

A

Galen

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15
Q

how has the 4 temperament approach influenced modern personality approached?

A

Notion of personality ‘types’
Temperament descriptors have influenced modern theories of personality
Specifies links between biology and temperament.

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16
Q

What are Eysenck’s ‘Gigantic 3’ personality traits?

A

neuroticism, extroversion, psychoticism (PEN)

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17
Q

define: psychoticism (Eysenck)

A

emotionally unstable (N), but with lower levels of fear and anxiety, lack of remorse or conscience, and lack of appreciation of consequences of actions.

18
Q

How would someone high in neuroticism and extraversion map onto the 4 temperaments?

A

choleric (angry)

19
Q

How would someone high in neuroticism and low in extraversion map onto the 4 temperaments?

A

melancholic (depressed)

20
Q

How would someone low in neuroticism and low in extraversion map onto the 4 temperaments?

A

phlegmatic (calm)

21
Q

How would someone high in neuroticism and low in extraversion map onto the 4 temperaments?

A

sanguine (happy)

22
Q

what distinguishes psychoticism from the other dimensions of Eysenck’s gigantic 3

A

it is not normally distributed, most people score low

23
Q

define: psychopath

A

extreme personality associated with a callous, deceptive, manipulative nature, an inability to feel remorse, empathy or deep-seated emotions and a tendency to violate social conventions and norms

24
Q

define: psychosis

A

mental disturbance associated wit a break from reality
- closely linked to personality trait schizotypy

25
Q

what areas of the brain are associated with Eysenck’s extroversion?

A

reticulo-cortical system & Ascending Reticular Activation System (ARAS)

26
Q

how does cortical arousal explain extraversion?

A

Resting low level of cortical arousal
They seek out external stimulation

27
Q

how does cortical arousal explain introversion?

A

Resting high levels of cortical arousal
Avoid external stimulation

28
Q

what are the challenges of measuring cortical arousal?

A

Very high/low arousal level of task will cause Extraverts or Introverts to adapt to preferred level of cortical arousal – obscures differences. - so this can cause differences in responses to difficult tasks

29
Q

how would an extrovert react to a task high in arousal/difficulty?

A

would be happy with this arousal so would participate more & their cortical arousal would increase

30
Q

how would an introvert react to a task high in arousal/difficulty?

A

introverts try to relax & bring down arousal levels

31
Q

how would an introvert react to a task low in arousal/difficulty?

A

introvert cortical activity would increase (try to keep it high)

32
Q

how would an extrovert react to a task low in arousal/difficulty?

A

extroverts cortical activity would decrease (suits how they want to be)

33
Q

What did Tran, Craig & McIsaac (2001) find in their eye opening experiment?

A

There was a significant difference in line with Eysenk’s theory - extroverts had lower EEG activity than introverts

34
Q

which area of the brain is associated with neuroticism (Eysenck)?

A

reticulo-limbic system
= Cingulate cortex
= Fornix
= Mammillary Body
= Hippocampus
= Amygdala
= Hypothalamus

35
Q

what is the biological basis for psychoticism?

A

male hormones or dopamine levels

36
Q

which personality questionnaires are Eysenck’s ‘Gigantic 3’ responsible for?

A

EPI : Eysenck Personality Inventory
MMQ: Maudsley Medical Questionnaire
EPQ-R : Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (revised)
EPP : Eysenck Personality Profiler

37
Q

who developed behavioural reinforcement sensitivity theory?

A

Jefferey gray

38
Q

what is the behavioural activation system?

A

conditioned response with rewarding stimuli
- activates approach behaviour & motivation to seek reward

39
Q

what is the behavioural inhibition system?

A

conditioned response with negative stimuli
- inhibits approach behaviour & motivation to avoid punishment

40
Q

what are the 2 dimensions of Gray’s Behavioural Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

A

behavioural inhibition vs behavioural activation system

high anxiety vs low anxiety

2: Personality & Individual Differences (10 decks)

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