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Urinary > 1. Anatomy > Flashcards

1. Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Excretion
Regulation - fluid, ions, homeostasis, acid-base balance
Endocrine - synthesis of renin, erythropoietin and prostaglandins
Metabolism - vit D metabolised, catabolism of insulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A 
Retroperitoneum on posterior abdominal wall, either side of vertebral column
Located between T12 and L3
Partially protected by ribs 11 and 12
Hilum at L1
Left kidney slightly higher
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3
Q

How large are kidneys?

A

11cmx6cm

140g

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4
Q

What is the kidney surrounded by?

A

Renal capsule
Perirenal fat
Renal fascia
Pararenal fat

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5
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer layer of the kidney

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6
Q

What is the innermost region of the kidney?

A

Medulla

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7
Q

Within a renal lobe, what is the medulla called?

A

Renal pyramid

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8
Q

What do the collecting ducts feed into?

A

Minor calyces which feed into major calyces, then feeds into renal pelvis then ureter

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9
Q

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary loop of Henle descends much further down into the cortex and medulla

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10
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Large cells that sit on top of the capillaries in the glomerulus
Protrusions called foot processes, wrap around capillaries and create little slits between them

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11
Q

What do the blood vessels for the nephrons come off?

A

Arcuate arteries

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12
Q

What goes between the arcuate arteries and the efferent arteriole in the nephron?

A

Interlobular artery

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13
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries?

A

Capillaries that wrap around the proximal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

What is the vesa recta?

A

Extension of peritubular capillaries on the juxtamedullary nephrons
Where lots of the water is reabsorbed if needed

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15
Q

Why is the proximal convoluted tubule so close to the glomerulus?

A

Macula densa cells in the proximal tubule sense what’s happening to the composition of fluid in the tubule, sense how salty the filtrate is to determine how much flow there should be in the glomerulus

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16
Q

What can the macula densa cells cause?

A

Constriction of either the efferent arteriole or the afferent arteriole, which alters the blood flow in the glomerulus

17
Q

What do the extraglomerular mesangial cells do?

A

Provide a skeleton to hold the capillary network
Can pass messages from macula densa cells
Can secrete substances

18
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Smooth muscle fibres that propel urine to the urinary bladder
Retroperitoneal

19
Q

What can the ureters be divided into?

A

Proximal (abdominal)
Middle (pelvic)
Distal (intramural)

20
Q

How big are the ureters?

A

25-30cm long

~1.5mm diameter

21
Q

Which bony landmarks could you use on an X-ray to approximate the course of the ureter?

A

L1 ~ hilum
Ureter runs along close to tip of lumbar transverse processes
Crosses sacrum at S1 joint
Ischial spine shows approximate point at which ureter kink towards bladder
Ureters run around pelvis and enter bladder posteriorly

22
Q

How/where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

Vesicoureteral junction

At an oblique angle

23
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangle formed by the ureteric openings and the internal urethral meatus

24
Q

What muscle is the bladder made of?

A

Detrusor muscle

25
Q

What are the folds in the bladder wall?

A

Rugae- contract and expand

26
Q

What is the bladder lined with?

A

Transitional epithelium - urothelium

27
Q

What does the bladder rest on when empty?

A

Symphysis pubis
In women - in front of vagina, uterus and rectum
In men - in front of rectum

28
Q

How much can the bladder hold?

A

~750ml

29
Q

What is the lumen of the ureter lined by?

A

Urothelium

30
Q

What are the different parts of the urethra in men?

A 
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Bulbous urethra
Penile/spongy urethra
Navicular fossa
External urethral meatus

Urinary (30 decks)

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