1. Anatomy

Question 1

Name the branches that occur at the aortic arch?

Answer 1

Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

Question 2

What is meant by aortic dissection?

Answer 2

A tear in the inner wall of the aorta

Question 3

What is an aneurysm

Answer 3

An expansion of an artery by greater than 50%

Question 4

How many pulmonary arteries are there?

How many pulmonary veins are there?

Answer 4

Pulmonary artery-2

Pulmonary vein- 4

Question 5

What forms the superior vena cava?

Answer 5

Merging of the brachiocephalic veins

Question 6

What is the coronary sulcus?

Answer 6

Mark on the outside of the heart that represents the division of atria from ventricles

Question 7

What are the anterior and posterior intraventricular sulci?

Answer 7

Markings on the outside of the heart that represents the division of the atria from the ventricles

Question 8

What structure divides the right atrium

What are the divisions of the right atrium?

Answer 8

The crista terminalis

Sinus venosum

Atrium proper

Question 9

Discuss the sinus venosum?

Answer 9

Posterior to the crista terminalis, derived from embryonic sinus venosus

Question 10

Discuss the atrium proper?

Answer 10

Anterior to the crista terminalis
Derived from primature atrium
Pectinate muscles form the walls

Question 11

What is the trabeculum carnea?

Answer 11

Ridges-

Bridges- Attach to either end but are free in the middle. Contain the moderator band in the right ventricle.

Pillars- (papillary muscle)- chordinae tendiae_> triscuspid valve

Question 12

What are the four abnormalities in tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 12

Ventricular septal defect

Overriding aorta

Pulmonary valve stenosis

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 13

Describe the process of electrical activity travelling through the heart

What allows the atria to eject?

Answer 13

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node- delays by 120ms to allow atria to eject

Atrioventricular bundles

Purkinje fibres

Question 14

What are the four layers of the heart?

Answer 14

Endocardium- innermost

Myocardium- muscle

Epicardium- outermost

Pericardium- Surrounding layer (like an orange)

Question 15

What is the role of the pericardium?

Answer 15

Fixes the heart to the medianstinum
Prevents overfilling
Lubrication
Prevents infection from spreading

Question 16

What is meant by cardiac temponade

Answer 16

An accumulation of fluid in the rigid pericardium leading to compression of the heart and reduced output

Question 17

What supports the atrioventricular valves of the heart

Answer 17

Chordea tendineae , attach to papillary muscles

Question 18

What are the three main causes of aortic stenosis

Answer 18

Age related calcification

Congenital defects

Rheumatic fever

Question 19

What are the two major vessels that supply the heart?

Answer 19

Left coronary artery

Right coronary artery

Question 20

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 20

Left anterior descending artery- first branch
left marginal artery
Left circumflex artery (posterior)

Question 21

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 21

Right marignal artery

Posterior interventriuclar artery

Question 22

Name the 5 veins that drain into the coronary sinus

Answer 22

Great cardiac vein- main one (anterior)
Small cardiac vein- anterior
Middle cardiac vein (posterior)
Left marginal vein
Left posterior ventricular vein