1(a) - states of matter Flashcards
What is arrangement, movement and energy of the particles in solids?
Arrangement: Particles are close together and regularly packed.
Movement: Particles vibrate around a fixed point.
Energy: Particles have less kinetic energy than both liquids and gasses.
What is arrangement, movement and energy of the particles in liquid?
Arrangement: Particles are close together but irregular.
Movement: Particles are free to move.
Energy: Particles have less kinetic energy than gasses but more than solids
What is arrangement, movement and energy of the particles in gases?
Arrangement: Particles are far apart and there are no forces between them.
Movement: Particles are free to move.
Energy: Particles have more kinetic energy than liquids and solids.
What are the 5 interconversions?
- melting
- freezing
- boiling
- condensing
- sublimation
What is melting?
solid –> liquid
When a solid is heated, the energy makes the particles vibrate fast enough so that the forces of attraction between the particles break. For example H2O(s) –> H2O(l)
What is freezing?
liquid –> solid
When a liquid is cooled, the particles move slow enough so that the forces of attraction between them will hold them into a solid. For example H2O(l) –> H2O(s)
What is boiling?
liquid –> gas
When a liquid is heated strongly, the energy makes the particles move fast enough so that all forces of attraction are broken. For example H2O(l) –> H2O(g)
What is condensing?
gas –> liquids
When a gas is cooled, the particles move slow enough so that the forces of attraction between them will hold them as a liquid. For example H2O(g) –> H2O(l)
What is sublimation?
solid –> gases
A small number of substances have the ability to change directly from a solid to a gas when heated. For example CO2(s) –> CO2(g)
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles in a gas or liquid. There is a net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until a uniform concentration is achieved.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles in a gas or liquid. There is a net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until a uniform concentration is achieved.
How do coloured solutions diffuse (water)?
Dissolving potassium manganate(VII) in water demonstrates that the diffusion in liquids is very slow because there are only small gaps between the liquid particles into which other particles diffuse.
The random motion of particles cause the purple colour to eventually be evenly spread out throughout the water.
How do coloured solutions dilute?
Adding more water to the solution causes the potassium manganate(VII) particles to spread out further apart therefore the solutions becomes less purple. This is called dilution.
What do ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas form when they mix?
white solid called ammonium chloride.
Explain the diffusion experiment involving ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas and the results:
A cotton wool pad was soaked in ammonia solution and another was soaked in hydrogen chloride solution. The two pads were then put into opposite ends of a dry glass tube at the same time.
The white ring of ammonium chloride forms closer to the hydrochloric acid end because ammonia particles are lighter than hydrogen chloride particles and therefore travel faster.
Even though these particles travel at several hundred metres per second, it takes about 5 min for the ring to form. This is because the particles move in random directions and will collide with air particles in the tube.
