Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Head And Neck > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main nerves of the head and what are their functions?

A 
Facial nerve (cranial nerve 7) mainly for facial muscle 
Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5) mainly for sensory and mastication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the two groups of face muscles

A
  • muscles of facial expression: dilators/sphincters, attach to bone and skin/fascia of face and other muscles
  • muscles of mastication: open/close the jaws, act on temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the five extra-cranial branches of cranial nerve 7

A

-Temporal nerve: where temple of head is
-Zygomatic nerve: by cheek bone area
-Buccal nerve: by cheek area
-Marginal mandibular nerve: along mandible (jaw)
-Cervical nerve
Two Zanzibar Buy Motor Car

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is it important to know that the branches of the facial nerve run through the parotid gland?

A
  • Parotid gland can be susceptible to formation of tumours
  • highly likely to be parotid cancer
  • this causes compression of facial nerve which can lead to weakness of facial expression muscles on the ipsilateral side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Inflammation of the facial nerve which causes drooping of facial expression muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the fascial layers of the neck

A
  • 1 superficial, 4 deep
  • superficial cervical fascia: loose CT with adipose that contains anterior and external jugular veins, cutaneous nerves, superficial lymph nodes and the platysma muscle.
  • investing fascial layer: surrounds entire neck like a collar, encloses the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and the submandibular and parotid salivary glands
  • pretracheal fascial layer: thin and only a part of anterior and lateral part of neck, consists of a muscular layer enclosing the infrahyoid muscles and a visceral layer, which encloses the thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus, gives rise to buccopharyngeal fascia when it is posterior to pharynx and oesophagus
  • carotid sheath: contains common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and the cranial nerve, the vagus nerve (CN X).
  • pre-vertebral fascial layer: deepest layer, axillary sheath that surrounds the axillary vessels and the brachial plexus of nerves running into the upper limb.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What risk does fascial compartmentalization of the neck impose? Give example.

A
  • compartments give rise to deep neck spaces
  • these spaces can accumulate with infection
  • infective source often originates in the teeth, tissues of the pharynx, sinuses or middle ear, and spread
  • ex: retropharyngeal space, lies between the prevertebral layer of fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia and is useful for swallowing but may spread inferiorly into the thorax, risking the development of mediastinitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)?

A
  • Va ophthalmic division
  • Vb maxillary division
  • Vc mandibular division (motor to mastication muscles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the blood vessels of the head and neck

A
  • common carotid artery: splits into internal carotid and external carotid (facial artery branch supplies face)
  • internal jugular vein (IJV): main vein draining head and neck, receives venous drainage from facial vein for face
  • external jugular vein: vein draining scalp and face, more superficial than IJV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What parts of the neck can you palpate from top to bottom?

A
  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • thyroid gland (not that palpable)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the platysma

A

Origin: arises from skin/fascia of lower face and mandible
Insertion: inserts into fascia covering anterior chest wall; runs superficial to SCM and over clavicles
Action: Depresses angles of mouth; also used to tense skin of neck e.g. during shaving;
Innervation: cranial nerve 7 (cervical branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the orbicularis oculi (orbital and palebral)

A

origin: from orbital margin (rim of eye socket)
insert: onto lateral palpebral raphe (ligament on outer part of eye socket)
Action: orbital part closes the eyelids firmly and Is controlled by voluntary action; palebral portion closes The eyelids gently in involuntary or reflex blinking
Innervation: cranial nerve 7 (temporal and zygomatic branches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe occipitofrontalis

A

origin: from Aponeurosis of the epic radius
insert: into skin of Eyebrow;
action: to lift eyebrow and upper eyelid
Innervation: cranial nerve 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe orbicularis oris

A

encircles the mouth
origin: in the maxilla (upper jaw and palate) and mandible (lower jaw) bones
insert: directly into the lips
Action: Kissing Muscle
Innervation: cranial nerve 7 (Buccal branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the buccinator

A

origin: from alveolar process of mandible and pterygo-mandibular raphe
insert: into the orbicularis Oris
Action: is to hold the cheek to the teeth and assists With chewing
Innervation: cranial nerve 7 (Buccal branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the pterygoids (medial and lateral)

A

lateral origin: from Sphenoid bone (side of temple)
Lateral insertion: on to TMJ
Action: is to protrude and depress lower jaw
Innervation: cranial nerve 5 (mandibular division)
medial origin: from medial side of lateral pterygoid plate and
Medial Insertion: onto medial aspect of mandible
Action: elevates mandible And assists in closing jaw
Innervation: cranial nerve 5 (mandibular division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the masseter

A

Origin: palpable muscle that originates from zygomatic
Process of maxilla
Insertion: on lateral surface of Mandible
Action: elevates mandible intensely (clench jaw)
Innervation: cranial nerve 5 (mandibular division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the temporalis

A

Origin: palpable muscle that originates from temporal
Fossa
Insertion: into media/anterior aspect of coronoid Process of mandible, action: elevates mandible and retracts
Innervation: cranial nerve 5 (mandibular division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the sternocleidomastoid

A

origin: from anterior/superior manubrium
Insertion: onto lateral Aspect of mastoid process
Action: flexes and laterally rotates C-spine, protract head and extends neck
Innervation: spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11), C1 and C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the trapezius

A

origin: from spinous processes till T12, Ligament nuchae and insertion: to clavicle, acromion and Spine of scapula to deltoid tubercle
Action: laterally rotates, Elevates and retracts scapula, extends and laterally Flexes neck
Innervation: spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11), C3, C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the zygomaticus (major and minor)

A

major origin: from zygomatic bone
Major Insertion: on to angle of mouth
Major action: elevates and draws angle Of mouth laterally
Major innervation: cranial nerve 7 (zygomatic and Buccal branch)
minor origin: from infra-orbital Margin
Minor insertion: on to skin and muscle of upper lip,
Minor action: Elevates and everts upper lip
Minor innervation: cranial nerve 7 (Buccal branch)

22
Q

Describe the risorius

A

origin: from deep fascia of face and parotid
insertion: onto skin at angle of mouth
Action: retracts angle of Mouth
Innervation: cranial nerve 5 (Buccal branch)

23
Q

Describe the triangles of the neck

A
  • 2 anterior, 2 posterior, 1 carotid
  • anterior: borders include the midline of neck, inferior margin of mandible, anterior margin of sternocleidomastoid, contains structures coursing through head and thorax
  • posterior: borders include posterior margin of sternocleidomastoid, clavicle, anterior margin of trapezius, contains structures coursing between thorax/neck and upper limb, scalene form the floor of triangle
  • carotid: borders include omohyoid (superior belly), digastric (posterior belly), sternocleidomastoid, contains carotid sheath and its contents
24
Q

Describe the supra and infrahyoid muscles

A
  • suprahyoid main is DIGASTRIC: above hyoid bone, attach jaw to hyoid bone, elevates hyoid and depresses mandible
  • infrahyoid main is OMOHYOID: strap-like muscles that overly the larynx and thyroid gland, depress the hyoid and help stabilize it
25
Q

What are 3 main things that the lymphatic system does?

A
  • Returns small proteins and fluid that leaked from capillaries
  • Key role in immune defence and immune surveillance (physical and phagocytic barrier, source of lymphocytes)
  • Remove excess fluid from interstitial space
26
Q

What are two clinical manifestation of disease that involve the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymphoedema

- Lymphadenopathy

27
Q

What are the two main groups of lymph nodes?

A
  • Regional (superficial)

- Terminal (deep)

28
Q

Where are the regional lymph nodes located within the head and neck?

A
  • Lie superficially within the superficial cervical fascia

- Are easily palpated when enlarged

29
Q

Where do terminal lymph nodes lie within the head and neck?

A

-They lie deep to the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

30
Q

Which regions of the body are lymph nodes palpable?

A
  • Neck (cervical)
  • Armpit (axillary)
  • Groin (femoral)
31
Q

What do you do when you find and enlarged lymph node on a patient?

A
  • Take a comprehensive history
  • Examine the area of tissue it drains
  • If systemic disease/malignancy suspected, examine other lymph nodes and body systems
32
Q

How would an enlarged lymph node look/feel if it was caused by an infection?

A
  • most common cause

- would feel tender and mobile

33
Q

How would an enlarged lymph node feel if it was caused by a malignancy?

A
  • hard, matted, non-tender

- rubbery, mobile, fast-growing (lymphoma)

34
Q

Where do the superficial lymph nodes drain into?

A

They drain into deep lymph nodes

35
Q

What are the five superficially lymph nodes of the head?

A
  • Submental
  • Submandibular
  • Pre-auricular
  • Post-auricular/mastoid nodes
  • Occipital nodes
36
Q

What are the superficial lymph nodes of the neck?

A
  • Superficial cervical: EJV
  • Posterior cervical: EJV
  • Anterior cervical: AJV
37
Q

Which lymph nodes are enlarged in a patient with conjunctivitis?

A

-Pre-auricular lymph nodes

38
Q

What are the three deep lymph nodes and where are they located?

A
  • Jugulo-digastric
  • Jugulo-omohyoid
  • Supraclavicular lymph nodes
  • They are deep to sternocleidomastoid muscle and are closely related to IJV and carotid sheath
39
Q

Describe the jugulo-digastric node

A
  • also known as the tonsillar node
  • located just below the angle of the mandible
  • involved with lymphatic drainage of the palatine tonsil, oral cavity and the tongue
  • often swollen and tender in tonsillitis and can also become enlarged in cancers affecting the structures it drains
40
Q

Describe the jugulo-omohyoid lymph node

A
  • mainly associated with the lymph drainage of the tongue, oral cavity, trachea, oesophagus and the thyroid gland
  • Infection or disease affecting these structures may therefore present with an enlarged jugulo-omohyoid lymph node.
41
Q

Describe the supraclavicular lymph nodes

A
  • found in the posterior triangle at the root of the neck
  • can enlarge in the late stages of malignancies of the abdomen and thorax
  • receive lymph from thoracic cavity and abd before it drains via the thoracic duct into the venous circulation
  • Left node: abd and thorax known as Virchow’s node
  • Right node: mid section chest, oesophagus and lungs
42
Q

Which superficial lymph node will swell up if a patient has a mouth ulcer?

A

-Submental nodes

43
Q

Which deep lymph node will swell up if patient has tonsillitis?

A

Jugulo-digastric node

44
Q

Which deep lymph nodes will swell up if patient has tongue cancer?

A

Either jugulo-digastric or jugulo-omohyoid

45
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A
  • A ring-shaped collection of lymphoid tissue that surrounds the upper aerodigestive
  • tonsils are another extra ring of lymphatic tissue to prevent infection
  • seek image to see anatomy of waldeyer’s ring
46
Q

What is a common cause for neck lump?

A

Cervical lymphadenopathy

47
Q

What are the possible causes for a neck lump?

A
  • Superficial, within superficial fascia/skin: sebaceous cyst, dermoid cyst, lipoma, skin abcess
  • Inflammatory/infective lymph node: tonsillitis, mouth ulcer
  • Congenital lesions: thyroglossal cyst, branchial cyst
  • Thyroid pathology: malignant or benign
  • Primary (lymphoma) or secondary malignant (metastatic) disease involving a lymph node
  • Salivary gland pathology: calculus, infection, tumour
  • Other: chronic infections (TB, HIV) can cause lymphadenopathy
48
Q

What are some neck lumps found on the midline? Describe them.

A
  • Dermoid cyst (congenital): high up on neck, pea-sized, epithelial-lined cyst usually presented by young kids
  • Thyroidglossal duct cyst (congenital): can differentials when sticking tongue out
  • Thyroid goitre: if lump moves then it’s on the thyroid gland
49
Q

What are some lumps on the lateral side of the neck? Describe them.

A
  • Bronchial cyst (congenital): lump that is just by the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
  • Salivary gland pathology
50
Q

What are some red flags for lymphadenopathy?

NOT A DIAGNOSIS, SIGN OF UNDERLYING DISEASE

A
  • persisting for more than 6 weeks
  • fixed, hard and irregular (potentially cancerous)
  • rapidly growing in size
  • associated with generalized lymphadenopathy
  • associated systemic signs/symptoms such as weight loss, night sweats (potential sign of TB)
  • associated with a persistent (unexplained) change in voice/hoarseness or difficulty swallowing
51
Q

What is the first-line imaging choice for investigating a neck lump (ex. Lymph node with red flags, thyroid-related) and why?

A

Ultrasound because it is safe, easy and efficient

Head And Neck (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions