1-6. 論理関係を表す言葉

Question 1

accordinglyの使い方
in agreement with
in conformity with
という意味が強い

accordは、to be harmony withという意味で、ある状態に合わせるという意味に使うケースが多い

Answer 1

He is a former President of the University and expects even now to be treated accordingly by the entire staff.
身分に合わせる
Because most of the applicants have almost no practical experience with any language other than Japanese, the foreign language portion of the test has been simplified accordingly.
外国語の実力水準に合わせる
Although the cost of living has risen dramatically, the average professor’s salary has not been raised accordingly.
物価騰貴に合わせる

Question 2

consequentlyの使い方
結果や帰結という意味を持つ
ある状態の当然の帰結として

Answer 2

Sudden flooding had washed out the roads leading to the research station, and consequently, we were unable to reach it before dark.

accordingly を使うなら
Sudden flooding had washed out the roads leading to the reseach station, and we were forced to reduce the speed of our jeep accordingly.

Because most of the applicants have almost no practical experience with any language other than Japanese, the foreign language portion of the test has been simplified accordingly.

consequentlyを使うなら
Most of the applicants have almost no practical experience with any language other than Japanese, and consequently, it has been necessary to simplify the foreign language portion of the test accordingly.

さらに。
Although the cost of living has risen dramatically, the average professor’s salary has not been raised accordingly.
Consequently, many brilliant teachers forsake academia for high-paying jobs in private industry.

Question 3

accordinglyとconsequentlyの使い分け

accordinglyは、「ある状態に合わせて何かをする」
consequentlyは、「ある状態の当然の結果として、何かの状態になる」場合に使う

Answer 3

A recent check of our records indicates that we still have not received payment for any of the books sent to your office over the past year. Accordingly, we are cutting off your creidt as of today and ask that you forward us full payment within 15 days.

Consequently, we have no choice but to cut off your credit as of today and ask that

Question 4

as a resultとconsequentlyの使い分け
ほとんどの場合、consequentlyの代わりにas a resultにしても差し支えない
as a resultは、コンマで区切る場合が多く、入る位置が異なる

Answer 4

Florida experienced a terrible cold wave this spring, and the price of Valencia organes has consequently risen.

…and the price of Valencia oranges has, as a result, risen
と置き換えられる。
consequentlyは動詞の前に来ることが多く、has risen consequentlyは不自然。as a resultは、これに反し、
has risen as a resultのほうが自然。

Question 5

Thereforeは大げさすぎる
非常に堅い論理的関係を表す
特に数学や、法律などの形式ばった文章に目立つ

原則として、冒頭にコンマで区切ったThereforeを一切使わないこと

Thereforeにふさわしい例文
That publisher already pays far less than the industry standard per manuscript page, and I therefore find any discussion of further cuts in payment to be tottaly unacceptable.

Answer 5

Our first attempt met with failure. Therefore, we revised our approach to the problem.
因果関係は強くないが、どうしても使うなら、
Our first attempt met with failure. Therefore we revised our approach to the problem.
とカンマ抜きにしたほうがましである。コンマで区切ったthereforeは、区切っただけで、ひとつの節のような重さができて、本来大げさな表現が、更に大げさに聞こえる
Our first attempt met with failure. We therefore revised our approach to the problem.
と中に入れると、さらに目立たなくなる。
しかし、本当は、ただ、
Our first attempt having met with failure, we revised our approach to the problem.
で良い。

Question 6

I hadn’t managed to get much sleep the night before, so I decided to go to bed early for a change.

Since I hadn’t managed to get much sleep the night before, I decided to to to bed early for a change.

Answer 6

soという表現のほうがやわらかい感じで、日常会話では、統計的に多いだろう

Question 7

As I hadn’t managed to get much sleep the night before, I decided to go to bed early for a change.
のどこが問題か？

Answer 7

Asは、やや古風で、英国めいているような、さらに改まった感じがする

forは、文学的すぎる

Question 8

英語論文における接続詞の使い方

Answer 8

1. soは、一切使わないこと
   だからとだからさの中間的な雰囲気
2. since, becauseの堅さはちょうど論文にふさわしい
3. as…という言い方は、生き残っているが、文体上の問題に加え、意味が曖昧になるので、使わない方がいい。
4. 文学や恋文などを書いていないかぎり、forは使わない
5. therebyは、それによって、あるいは、そうしたためにという意味で、学術論文にふさわしい言葉
   The surgeon made the cut just a little bid deep, and thereby his patient was rendered incapable of bearing children.

We increased the temperature of the solution by 4C, thereby eliminating any danger of freezing.

thus = in this general way
thereby = by this specific action

The university has decided to add an aural comprehension section to the English entrance examination, thereby attempting to attract students with more practical language ability. Thus, applicants who have actual experience living in English speaking countries may be expected to have a special advantage.

Question 9

論文にふさわしいhence

hence = as a logical inference from this fact

Answer 9

The government has promised to eliminate the import quotas on beef, and hence the Japanese consumer may anticipate, for the first time in his life, the opportunity to eat steak at prices within the realm of common sense.

…, and the Japanese consumer may hence anticipate, for the first time, the…のほうが文章に慣れているような感じがある

All of the mice used in the study were between 200 and 210 days old, and hence age was not considered to be a factor in the differences which eventually developed among them.