1-4. 関係代名詞 Flashcards
制限的用法
1. The astronomer chose to look at the planet which are relatively near the Earth
非制限的用法
2. The astronomer chose to look at the planets, which are relatively near the Earth
1は、太陽系の惑星に限定されている
2は、太陽系の惑星に限定されない
（ ）書きにして、意味が通じるなら、非制限用法。
The Nobel Prize which I received last year was a great honor. の何が変か？
コンマ抜きにすると、前に受賞したやつはともかく、今度の場合は、光栄ですという意味になる
This “next level” is the level at which one combines relative pronouns with prepositions to produce more natural and sophisticated English sentences.
前置詞と関係代名詞を組み合わせると、洗練された文章をつくることができる
あそこは、来年の春やとってもらいたいと思っている研究所だ。
彼は、私のもっとも一緒に研究してみたい物理学者だ。
That is the laboratory at which I hope to be hired next spring.
He is the physicist with whom I would most like to do research.
つい最近まで私はほとんど聞いたこともなかったのだが、どうやら彼の弟も物理学者らしい
Apparently his younger brother, of whom I had heard virtually nothing until just recently, is also a physicist.
前置詞が後ろに来るパターン
which, whom, that
前置詞が前にくるほうが、改まった書き言葉の感じを与え、後者のほうは、もっとリラックスした口語的な感じを与える
That is the laboratory which I hope to be hired at next spring.
He is the physisit whom I would most like to do
research with.
This laboratory, which I hope to begin working for next spring, is famous for its optical fiber research.
Apparently his younger brother, whom I had heard virtually nothing of until just recently, is also a physicist.
Astrtrophysics is the fiedl that I am most excited by.
文脈によって、センテンスを簡潔にするために、関係節から関係代名詞自体を省略する場合もある。そうするとよどみなく流れる、非常に読みやすい文章になる場合が多い。制限用法に限られる
The article which I ready yesterday was quite instrucitve.
のwhichは、省略可。
関係代名詞の位置問題
His solution to a number of problems that he found were very creative
that以下が、solutionを指すのか、problemsを指すのかあいまい
solustionを指すなら
The solusion that he found to a number of problems were very creative
problemを指すなら
His solustion, to a number of problems that he found, were very creative.
The problems for foreigners of conducting research at the major Japanese universities, which are well known to most visiting scholars, are numerous and deep-rooted.
長い文章の場合、繰り返し主語を入れる方法もある
The problem for foreigners of conducting research at the major Japanese universities, problems which are well known to most visiting scholars, are numerous and deep-rooted.
The number of mirrors is usually two, which are positioned to face in oppositite directions.
の何が問題か？
先行詞と、指示される先行詞が不一致。
後ろは、鏡であるべきだが、先行詞は、数になっている
この場合、
The number of mirrors is usually two, and they are positioned to face in opposite directions.
They are usually two mirros, (which are) positioned to face in opposite directions.
A lyrics of that song was written by a word processor, whose appeal is depending on clever rhyming and puns mainly.
の何が問題か？
関係節以外の間違いを直すと
The lyrics of that song were written on a word processor, whose appeal mainly depends on clever rhyming and puns.
位置としては、先行詞は、word processorであるが、意味的には、lyricsである。
The lyrics of that song were written on a word processor, and their appeal mainly depends on clever rhyming and puns.
or
The lyrics of that song were written on a word processor, and their appeal would seem to be lie mainly in their clever rhyming and puns.
関係代名詞を使いたいなら、先行詞を繰り返しいれたら、問題はなくなる
The lyrics of that song were written on a word processor, the appeal of which lyrics would seem to lie mainly in their clever rhyming and puns.
しかし、ぎこちない。
単に、
A word processor was used to write that song’s lyrics, whose appeal would seem to lie mainly in their clever rhyming and puns.
とするとよい
一語入れるとしまるパターン
Cigarette smoke has been found to be a direct cause of lung cancer in rats used in government studies, which suggests that a similar causal relationship may exist between smoking and cancer in humans as well.
Almost no funding is available now for basic reseach, which is surely the result of short-sighted governemnt policies.
which fact suggests
which situation is or which intolerable situation is
The students were asked to listen to a number of difficult sentences read at natural speed during the first stage of the lesson. After then, they were questioned about the content of the sentences.
The students were asked to listen to a number of difficult sentences read at natural speed during the first stage of the lesson, following which they were questioned about the content of the sentences.
関係副詞も活用しよう
This is a college, I studied here.
This is the college where I studied.
The area of biochemistry where he is doing his research is exciting.
と
The area of biochemistry, where he is doing his research, is exciting.
制限用法だと、生化学のうち、彼の研究している分野となる
非制限用法だと、彼の研究している生化学という分野となる
意味が異なるので、注意が必要
