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micro 3rd year > 1 & 2 > Flashcards

1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

mycoplasmas are generally extracellular except for ______ mycoplasmas

A

hemotrophic

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2
Q

what DNA virus includes Foreign Animal Disease agents ? is it E or NE?

A
  • Poxviridae

- E

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3
Q

what (2) RNA virus includes Foreign Animal Disease agents? are they E or NE?

A
  • Bunyaviridae and Paramyxoviridae

- E

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4
Q

Rhabdoviridae should make you think ____

A

RABIES

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5
Q

transmission routes (7)

A
  • aerosol
  • oral
  • direct contact
  • reproductive (mating or fetus)
  • fomite (inanimate object) or traffic fomite (human/vehicle/trailer is spreading it)
  • vector born
  • zoonotic
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6
Q

aerosol transmission foreign animal diseases for both the cat and dog

A
  • dog: Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) and Nipah Virus

- cat: Glanders (Burkholderia mallei), Nipah Virus, and Hendra virus

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7
Q

aerosol transmission: zoonotic diseases for both the cat and dog

A
  • both: Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis); Bordetella bronchiseptica; Glanders (Burkholderia mallei); Nipah Virus; Plague (Yersinia pestis); Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei); pneumocytic carinii; Q fever (Coxiella burnetii); Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)
  • dog: Blastomyces dermatitids; Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
  • cat: Chlamydophila felia; Hendra virus
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8
Q

3 reasons for obtaining laboratory dz

A
  • disease dx
  • screen for infection
  • certification that animal is infection free
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9
Q

diagnosis of microbial infections can be done by _____, _____ and ______

A
  • detection of pathogens (culture, PCR, Ag detection assay)
  • detection of immune response (ELISA, fluorescent Ab test, complement fixation, hemagglutination direct/indirect)
  • detection of lesion (histology/immunohistology, molecular probes, EM)
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10
Q

how dx viral infection (6ways)

A
  • isolate cell lines
  • characteristic cellular pathology
  • detect viral Ag
  • detect viral specific RNA/DNA
  • Ab response
  • EM
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11
Q

problems with bacterial/ fungal culture

A
  • slow
  • fastidious or non-cultivable microbes
  • may ned different medias
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12
Q

PCR vs reverse PCR vs real time PCR

A
  • PCR: DNA amplification
  • reverse PCR: RNA amplification
  • real time PCR: amplification and quantification of DNA
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13
Q

true / false

PCR can detect infectious agents AND discriminate pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains

A

true

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14
Q

3 reasons why PCR is great for detecting viruses

A
  • can target sequences or sequence the viral genome
  • detect soon after infection and even before clinical signs
  • estimates viral load
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15
Q

what is one thing we 100% need to make a PCR work and have good sensitivity

A

clinical isolate

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16
Q

detection of immune response

  • > acute response would show more ___ while chronic would show more____
  • > it is a good screening tool to test for ____ and _____
A
  • acute response would show more IgM while chronic would show more IgG
  • Vx efficacy and negative status of group animals
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17
Q

equations for sensitivity and specificity

A
  • sensitivity= (TP) / (TP+FN)

- specificity= (TN)/ (TN+FP)

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18
Q

equation for prevalence

A

( TP + FN ) / # tested

19
Q

equation for accuracy

A

( TP + TN) / # tested

20
Q

equation for positive and negative predictive value

A
  • positive predicted value= (TP)/(TP+FP)

- negative predicted value- (TN)/(TN+FN)

21
Q

2 sample sites with their own microflora

A
  • skin

- mucosal sites

22
Q

5 sample sites without their own microflora

A
  • blood
  • CSF
  • joint fluid
  • bladder urine
  • SQ
23
Q

how to prep viral samples for the lab

A
  • use viral transport medium kept at 4C (has buffers, proteins and Abx to inhibit bacteria)
  • swabs might inhibit PCR due to contamination
24
Q

how to collect sample for PCR Ag detection

A

-collection should be aseptic and stored COLD not frozen or fixed

25
Q

how to collect sample for serology

A
  • aseptic collection with gentle handling; remove needle before dispensing into new tube
  • allow to clot at room temperature -> centrifuge -> remove serum
  • refrigerate or freeze
26
Q

how to collect sample for histology/immunohistology

A
  • aseptic collection
  • at least 5mm thick
  • fixed with 10% formalin
27
Q

how to collect sample for FA (fluorescent Ab test)

A
  • make impression on clean slide and air dry
  • fix in alcohol for cytology or acetone for direct FA
  • slides can be shipped unrefrigerated
28
Q

how to collect sample for electron microscopy (usually for viral)

A
  • aseptic collection

- 1 x2mm thick fixed with 2-4% glutaraldehyde

29
Q

how to collect sample for feces or body fluids

A
  • aseptic collection and FRESH sample

- do NOT freeze

30
Q

what samples do we NOT want to freeze

A
  • for PCR Ag

- feces or body fluid

31
Q

what should we do for ALL samples when shipping?

A
  • double bag it !
  • biological substance label
  • all must comply with the International Air Transport Association (IATA)
32
Q

what special consideration do we need to think about when preparing joint fluid specimens

A

may need to collect in syringe with small amount of sterile heparin to prevent clotting

33
Q

true / false

aspirates and biopsies are never preferable to swabs

A

false ! aspirates and biopsies are almost always preferable to swabs

34
Q

true/ false

when collecting swabs you may use general purpose cotton swabs

A

false! they contain substances that are inhibitory for some bacteria and PCR

35
Q

common places to collect swabs from

A

eyes, nose, ears, throat, skin

36
Q

commercial culture swab systems work well for ______, ______ and ______

A

mycoplasma, fastidious respiratory pathogens and anaerobes

37
Q

true / false

trans-tracheal washes/brush and broncho-alveolar lavages have a lower recovery rate for fastidious organisms then swabs

A

false, the recovery rate is higher -> better

38
Q

urine should be refrigerated within one hrs and processed within ____hrs from collection

A

72hrs

39
Q

blood samples from animal taking abx vs not taking abx

A
  • no abx: can mix blood from separate collections and hold it up to 8hrs
  • abx: transport immediately, note the abx given/how much/when, only one collection allowed
40
Q

how much feces do you need to send? why?

A

5-10grams

swab does not always have enough # of organism and does not protect anaerobic/ microaerobic organisms

41
Q

what are the 2 best samples for anaerobes

A

biopsy and aspirates

42
Q

how to send intestinal loop samples (necropsy)

A

8-10cm long ligated intestine, some pathogens live in mucosa so only GI contents is not enough

43
Q

necropsy samples: spleen, heart blood or bone marrow are preferred over liver to detect septicemic infections. Why?

A

liver is contaminated by retrograde spread of intestinal flora

44
Q

when you’re sending lung culture, from where do we want to collect sample? Airways are best to ID what organism ?

A

sample just ahead of the advancing lesion is most rewarding

–mycoplasma spp.

micro 3rd year (5 decks)

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