1/2/3 - Malignany terms, Nutrition

Question 1

hyperplasia

Answer 1

increase in cell number due to a stimulus

Question 2

hyperplasia may continue without the original stimulus

Answer 2

no

Question 3

t/f high risk of neoplastic transformation in hyperplasi

Answer 3

false

- low risk

Question 4

examples of physiological hyperplasia

Answer 4

endometrial lining of uterus
liver regeneration post resection
in testes - spermys

Question 5

define hypertrophy

Answer 5

increase in cell size not number

Question 6

2 examples of hypertrophy

Answer 6

skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

Question 7

hypertension and increased TPR (total peripheral resistance) leads to

Answer 7

hypertrophy

may be physiological/pathological

Question 8

pathological hyperrophy of heart

Answer 8

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 9

other than HT/TPR, what else can cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 9

Aortic Stenosis

Question 10

atrophy requires a stimulus t/f

Answer 10

false

occurs due to absence of stimulus

Question 11

examples of atrophy

Answer 11

hormonal/ mechanical

nerve damage, loss of innervation

Question 12

metaplasia is

Answer 12

the reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell

Question 13

2 examples of metaplasia

Answer 13

Barrets - squamous to glandular columnar epithelium (Adenocarcinoma)
Smoking causing change from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium in bronchus

Question 14

neoplasia is

Answer 14

new growth

Question 15

neoplasia is always malignant

Answer 15

no

either not malignant, premalignant (dysplastic but still benign) or malignant (invasive)

Question 16

example of a benign/ malignant neoplasia

Answer 16

benign - squamous papilloma

malignant - squamous dysplasia - leads to carcinoma-in-situ

Question 17

when is a growth considered malignant

Answer 17

when there is metastatic potential

Question 18

dysplasi

Answer 18

disordered growth

Question 19

dysplasia is always malignant

Answer 19

no

Question 20

when is a dysplasia considered malignant

Answer 20

when in develops through membrane or invades surrounding tissue

Question 21

cancer uses what protein to eat surrounding tissues and invade

Answer 21

matrix metalloproteinases

Question 22

pleomorphism is when

Answer 22

all the cells in a sample look different

Question 23

stratified

Answer 23

loooks like it has layers, but each cell is connected to basement membrane

Question 24

a cell is defined as stellate is it has a ____ ___ shape

Answer 24

star like

Question 25

stellate implies

Answer 25

infection/cancer

Question 26

pathology - diffusely firm indicates

Answer 26

spread out hardness

Question 27

if a sample is described as diffusely firm it is likely to be cancer

Answer 27

no | neoplasm unlikely to occur over whole organ

Question 28

what is likely to cause a tissue to become diffusely firm?

Answer 28

infection | defiency

Question 29

cyst

Answer 29

a fluid pouch lined by epithelium

Question 30

pseudocysts are associateed with

Answer 30

pancreatitis

Question 31

poorly defined, heaped rolled edges indicates

Answer 31

cancer

Question 32

where are gastric ulcers more common

Answer 32

greater curvature

Question 33

high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio indicates

Answer 33

cancer/malignany

Question 34

signet rings

Answer 34

nucleus pushed to the side, mucin producing

Question 35

what type of cancer would produce signet rings

Answer 35

adenocarcinoma

Question 36

assymetrical atrophy is seen in

Answer 36

nerve damage

Question 37

a benign mass would be described as

Answer 37

smooth border | round

Question 38

infection is unlikely to have a nice edge, what term would be uused to describe this (radiology))

Answer 38

consolidation

Question 39

why is there white spots observed on a patients pancreas when they have pancreatitis

Answer 39

inflamed - pancreas releases enzymes, lipase eats away at it

Question 40

a mass on the lesser curvature of the stomach is more likely tobe malignant t/f q

Answer 40

true

Question 41

t/f high calorie foood and sugary drinks lead to cancer

Answer 41

no | causes obesity which predisposes to cancer

Question 42

t/f breastfeeding can reduce breast cancer

Answer 42

true

Question 43

fruit can protect against lung cancer, how

Answer 43

antioxidant capacity | carotenoids in low conc. include b-carotene which shown to reduce cancer rates by about 20%

Question 44

t/f supplements of b-carotene are beneficial in reducing cancer risks

Answer 44

false | high conc can increase risk (20-30mg/d)

Question 45

diets high in dairy and calcium have been shown to reduce risk of ____ ___ but increase risk of ____ ____

Answer 45

colorectal cancer prostate cancer

Question 46

alcohol can cause 5

Answer 46

``` mouth oesophageal bowel liver breast cancers ```

Question 47

mechanisms of alcohol and cancer: _____- makes it easier for _____ to enter cells, as it _____ the linings. Combined effect with _____, increases risk of breast cancer. Defiencies in _____ _____ makes tissue susceptible to ______. ____ acts as a synergistic carcinogen with tobacco, makes it easier for tobacco toxins to ___ ____

Answer 47

mechanisms of alcohol and cancer: Solvents makes it easier for carcinogens to enter cells, as it weakens the linings. Combined effect with oestrogen, increases risk of breast cancer. Defiencies in essential nutrients makes tissue susceptible to damage. Alcohol acts as a synergistic carcinogen with tobacco, makes it easier for tobacco toxins to enter cells

Question 48

acrylamide

Answer 48

substance found in potatoes and browned foods (starchy produce)

Question 49

acrylamide has shown to have a genotoxic effect and is a probable human carcinogen, when does it occur

Answer 49

naturally in foods cooked at >120degrees

Question 50

physical inactivity predisposes to what 3 cancaers

Answer 50

colorectal breast endometrial

Question 51

eating salt increases chance of

Answer 51

gastric cancer

Question 52

eating processed and red meats may lead to

Answer 52

stomach/bowel cancer

Question 53

3 biggest risks for lung cancer

Answer 53

smoking obviously occupational ionising radiation

Question 54

associated cancers of alcoholism

Answer 54

``` oral pharynx/larynx breast oesophageal gastric liver ```

Question 55

t/f keeping potatoes in fridge increases risk of accrylamide

Answer 55

true

Question 56

screenings are done for what 3 cancers

Answer 56

bowel (m/w) breast (w) cervical (w)