1/2/3 - Malignany terms, Nutrition Flashcards
hyperplasia
increase in cell number due to a stimulus
hyperplasia may continue without the original stimulus
no
t/f high risk of neoplastic transformation in hyperplasi
false
- low risk
examples of physiological hyperplasia
endometrial lining of uterus
liver regeneration post resection
in testes - spermys
define hypertrophy
increase in cell size not number
2 examples of hypertrophy
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
hypertension and increased TPR (total peripheral resistance) leads to
hypertrophy
may be physiological/pathological
pathological hyperrophy of heart
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
other than HT/TPR, what else can cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Aortic Stenosis
atrophy requires a stimulus t/f
false
occurs due to absence of stimulus
examples of atrophy
hormonal/ mechanical
nerve damage, loss of innervation
metaplasia is
the reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell
2 examples of metaplasia
Barrets - squamous to glandular columnar epithelium (Adenocarcinoma)
Smoking causing change from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium in bronchus
neoplasia is
new growth
neoplasia is always malignant
no
either not malignant, premalignant (dysplastic but still benign) or malignant (invasive)
example of a benign/ malignant neoplasia
benign - squamous papilloma
malignant - squamous dysplasia - leads to carcinoma-in-situ
when is a growth considered malignant
when there is metastatic potential
dysplasi
disordered growth
dysplasia is always malignant
no
when is a dysplasia considered malignant
when in develops through membrane or invades surrounding tissue
cancer uses what protein to eat surrounding tissues and invade
matrix metalloproteinases
pleomorphism is when
all the cells in a sample look different
stratified
loooks like it has layers, but each cell is connected to basement membrane
a cell is defined as stellate is it has a ____ ___ shape
star like
stellate implies
infection/cancer
pathology - diffusely firm indicates
spread out hardness
if a sample is described as diffusely firm it is likely to be cancer
no
neoplasm unlikely to occur over whole organ
what is likely to cause a tissue to become diffusely firm?
infection
defiency
cyst
a fluid pouch lined by epithelium
pseudocysts are associateed with
pancreatitis
poorly defined, heaped rolled edges indicates
cancer
where are gastric ulcers more common
greater curvature
high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio indicates
cancer/malignany
signet rings
nucleus pushed to the side, mucin producing
what type of cancer would produce signet rings
adenocarcinoma
assymetrical atrophy is seen in
nerve damage
a benign mass would be described as
smooth border
round
infection is unlikely to have a nice edge, what term would be uused to describe this (radiology))
consolidation
why is there white spots observed on a patients pancreas when they have pancreatitis
inflamed - pancreas releases enzymes, lipase eats away at it
a mass on the lesser curvature of the stomach is more likely tobe malignant t/f q
true
t/f high calorie foood and sugary drinks lead to cancer
no
causes obesity which predisposes to cancer
t/f breastfeeding can reduce breast cancer
true
fruit can protect against lung cancer, how
antioxidant capacity
carotenoids in low conc. include b-carotene which shown to reduce cancer rates by about 20%
t/f supplements of b-carotene are beneficial in reducing cancer risks
false
high conc can increase risk (20-30mg/d)
diets high in dairy and calcium have been shown to reduce risk of ____ ___ but increase risk of ____ ____
colorectal cancer
prostate cancer
alcohol can cause 5
mouth oesophageal bowel liver breast cancers
mechanisms of alcohol and cancer:
_____- makes it easier for _____ to enter cells, as it _____ the linings. Combined effect with _____, increases risk of breast cancer. Defiencies in _____ _____ makes tissue susceptible to ______. ____ acts as a synergistic carcinogen with tobacco, makes it easier for tobacco toxins to ___ ____
mechanisms of alcohol and cancer:
Solvents makes it easier for carcinogens to enter cells, as it weakens the linings. Combined effect with oestrogen, increases risk of breast cancer. Defiencies in essential nutrients makes tissue susceptible to damage.
Alcohol acts as a synergistic carcinogen with tobacco, makes it easier for tobacco toxins to enter cells
acrylamide
substance found in potatoes and browned foods (starchy produce)
acrylamide has shown to have a genotoxic effect and is a probable human carcinogen, when does it occur
naturally in foods cooked at >120degrees
physical inactivity predisposes to what 3 cancaers
colorectal
breast
endometrial
eating salt increases chance of
gastric cancer
eating processed and red meats may lead to
stomach/bowel cancer
3 biggest risks for lung cancer
smoking obviously
occupational
ionising radiation
associated cancers of alcoholism
oral pharynx/larynx breast oesophageal gastric liver
t/f keeping potatoes in fridge increases risk of accrylamide
true
screenings are done for what 3 cancers
bowel (m/w)
breast (w)
cervical (w)
