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Blood Bank > 1,2,3 > Flashcards

1,2,3 Flashcards

1
Q

Recognized as foreign by the immune system and provoke an immune response when introduced into the tissues of an immunocompetent individual

A

Antigen

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2
Q

Normal protein or complex of proteins. Should not normally be the target of the immune system, due to mainly genetic and environmental factors an immune response to these antigens has developed

A

Autoantigen

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3
Q

Have a homogeneous, restricted nature. They recognize only the corresponding antigen that caused its production

A

Monoclonal Antibody

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4
Q

Major histocompatibility complex antigens that are found on virtually every living cell

A

MHC Class I

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5
Q

Cell surface protein antigens found on nucleated cells and tissue that readily provoke an intense immune response. Originally Human Leukocyte Antigens. Second only to ABO antigens in importance.

A

Histocompatibility Antigens

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6
Q

Capacity to react with antibodies induced in an immune response. Influenced by molecular size , electrical charge, solubility, shape of molecule and chemical composition

A

Antigenicity

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7
Q

Result of different Bcell lines(memory cells) producing different Ab again same pathogen.

A

Polyclonal Antibodies

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8
Q

Major histocompatibility complex antigens that are restricted to B-lymphs, activated T-lymphs, monocytes, macrophages, and endothelium cells

A

MHC Class II

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9
Q

Study of Ag/Ab reactions as they relate to blood disorders and the use of blood products

A

Immunohematology

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10
Q

Ab that is produced by one individual and reacts with Ag found in other members of the same species

A

Alloantibodies

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11
Q

Large Y shaped protein. Neutralizes anything identified as nonself such as bacteria, viruses and potentially transfused donor cells

A

Antibodies

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12
Q

Glycoproteins and glycolipids bound to cell membranes are primarily responsible for the molecular structures

A

Antigenic Determinants/ Epitope

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13
Q

Major histocompatibility complex antigens that activate complement and cytokines

A

MHC Class III

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14
Q

What chain and region of an antibody determines what class the antibody is?

A

Heavy chain; constant region

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15
Q

What part of the antibody is specific for one particular epitope on an antigen?

A

Paratope

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16
Q

Allergic and Parasitic Infections

A

IgE

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17
Q

can be found in body secretions, such as saliva, tears and areas containing mucus

A

IgA

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18
Q

Produced FIRST in an immune response. Cold Temps. Low Titers. 900,000 Daltons

A

IgM

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19
Q

Antigen receptor on B-lymphs. Increased levels associated with autoimmune disorders

A

IgD

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20
Q

Smallest class of immunoglobulins, reacts best at body temp. Most abundant. Only class that can cross placenta. There are 4 subclasses

A

IgG

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21
Q

What IgG subclass(es) bind with high affinity to phagocytic cells?

A

IgG1 & IgG3

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22
Q

What IgG subclass(es) can NOT cross the placenta?

A

IgG2

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23
Q

What IgG subclass(es) are most effective complement activator?

A

IgG3

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24
Q

What are the two only immunoglobulins capable of complement activation?

A

IgG & IgM

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25
Q

What ions must be present for complement activation?

A

Calcium and Magnesium

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26
Q

What complement pathway is activated by a single IgM antibody or two or more IgG antibodies in close proximity?

A

Classical

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27
Q 
Give complements for each stage
CLASSICAL
Recognition-
Activation-
Membrane Attack-
A
  • C1
  • C4, C2, C3(C3 convertase)
  • C5 through C9(C5 convertase)
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28
Q 
Give complements for each stage
ALTERNATE
Recognition-
Activation-
Membrane Attack-
A
  • C1
  • C2, C3, C4 , C3b
  • C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
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29
Q

What complement pathway is activated by bacterial cell walls, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, fungal cell walls, virus infected cells?

A

Alternate Pathway

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30
Q

A position on a chromosome

A

Locus

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31
Q

Locatable sequence of DNA on a chromosome corresponding to an inheritable trait

A

Gene

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32
Q

Any one of two or more genes occupying a specific position on a chromosome

A

Allele

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33
Q

Largest unit of genetic code. Composed of a single large macromolecule of DNA

A

Chromosome

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34
Q

Genes actually present on an allele regardless of the trait expressed

A

Genotype

35
Q

The expressed characteristic of an allele

A

Phenotype

36
Q

The 22 like pairs of chromosomes between males and females. 23rd pair is the sex chromosome

A

Autosome

37
Q

Organic compounds of a nitrogen-containing unit(base) linked to a sugar and phosphate group and are the building blocks of nucleus acids/DNA

A

Nucleotides

38
Q

What is the main role of DNA in the cell?

A

Long term storage of info in form of a chromosome

39
Q

What type of phenotype will only be expressed when both alleles donated are the same (homozygous)?

A

Recessive

40
Q

Reciprocal relationship between antigens in this class found on RBCs of infants vs. adults

A

I/I System

41
Q

4 nomenclature systems. Most common are Weiner and Fisher and Race. Second in importance to ABO System

A

Rhesus System

42
Q

Over 40 antigens. The U antigen is present on >99 of red cells

A

MNS System

43
Q

Fya and Fyb

A

Duffy System

44
Q

Single most important system in transfusion practice. Only system in which antibodies are predictably present in the sera of people who haven’t been exposed to foreign antigens from human RBCs

A

ABO System

45
Q

Traditionally consisted of 4 antigens. Reacts optimally at 4 degrees Celsius but occasionally detected at 37 degrees Celsius. Almost always IgM

A

P System

46
Q

Abs are rarely encountered but when they are, anti- Jka & anti- Jkb are the most common. Notorious for severe delayed HTR !

A

Kidd System

47
Q

Not inherited as a result of two related alleles(antithetical) like other antigens but as a result between secretor alleles.

A

Lewis System

48
Q

More that 20 antigens . K allele responsible for K antigen . found on approx. 9% of Caucasians and 2% African Americans. The k allele responsible for k antigen on 99% of populations red cells

A

Kell System

49
Q

What antigen doe the Bombay blood type lack , that the other ABO blood types have ? What antibodies are produced?

A

H- antigen & produces Anti- A, Anti- B, Anti- AB and Anti-H

50
Q

Bombay blood types will result as what blood type in blood bank? When would it be detectable that the blood type is Bombay?

A

Blood Type O ; during cross match

51
Q

At what age is the detection of Anti- A and Anti-B considered valid?

A

4 months and older

52
Q

When are Anti- A and Anti B production predominantly IgM? IgG?

A

IgM- produced by Group B individuals & Anti- B produced by Group A individuals
IgG- Anti- A and Anti- B produced by Group O individuals

53
Q

what subgroups will react with a reagent derived from Dolichos biflorus seeds?

A

Anti- A1 Lectin

54
Q

How are Rh antibodies acquired?

A

Immunization during transfusion or pregnancy

55
Q

What immunoglobulins class are Rh antibodies?

A

IgG

56
Q

What are the possible genotypes for individuals that possess the Leb antigen?

A

Lele or LeLe and at least one Se allele

57
Q

What can happen to Lewis antigens in pregnant women?

A

They can be lost from red cells

58
Q

Why must care be taken when resuspending cells after centrifugation if Lewis antibodies/ antigens are present?

A

Le antibodies agglutinate in saline (they are fragile)

59
Q

Why are I/i antigens/antibodies of concern in blood bank in relation to their incidence?

A

Anti-I is uncommon

60
Q

Patient history is critical when dealing with __________ antibodies, because it is not common for an individual previously testing positive to later posses no detectable antibody which can rapidly reappear upon transfusion w/ blood possessing the corresponding antigen.

A

MNS

61
Q

How many subclasses doe IgA have?

A

Two

62
Q

Which IgG class crosses the placenta readily and is most often associated with HDN?

A

IgG1

63
Q

Which IgG subclass accounts for 23% of all circulating IgG

A

IgG2

64
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of complement?
A) Promotes the inflammatory response

B) Alter the biological membrane to cause direct cell lysis

C) Alter the biological membrane to enhance susceptibility to phagocytosis

D) Alter the paratope of the antibody to increase the specificity of the antibody to the antigen

A

D

65
Q

Complement is comprised of what type of molecules?

A

Glycoproteins

66
Q 
What percentage of serum proteins constitute for complement?
A) 1-2%
B) 2-3%
C) 3-4%
D) 4-5%
A

D) 4-5%

67
Q 
What immunoglobulins are capable of activating complement?
A) IgG
B) IgM
C) All of the Above 
D) None of the above
A

C)

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Proteolytic cleavage of complement is the way complement is activated.

A

True

69
Q

Which complement pathway is activated by antibody?

A

Classical

70
Q 
The MAC does NOT involve which of the following complements?
A) C4
B) C5
C) C7
D) C8
A

A) C4

71
Q

Blood group is dependent on secretor alleles.

A

Lewis

72
Q

An antigen in this blood group is strongly immunogenic, second only to D in the Rh system

A

Kell

73
Q

Can be lost from the RBCs of women that are pregnant and subsequent production of correlating antibodies

A

Lewis

74
Q

Agglutinins are fragile and easily dispersed if care is not taken when we suspending cells after centrifugation

A

Lewis

75
Q

Glycoprotein associated with this blood group antigen is the receptor for the malaria parasite

A

Duffy

76
Q

Antigens have a reciprocal relationship at birth vs adulthood

A

I/I blood group

77
Q

An antibody of this group is made by patients with mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

I/I blood group

78
Q

An antibody of this group can master identification of other blood group antibodies because it is a common but benign autoantibody

A

I/I blood group

79
Q

Is secreted into the saliva and plasma and absorbed into the RBCs

A

Lewis

80
Q

These blood group in our bodies can rapidly appear after being absent and vice versa

A

Kidd

81
Q

Most antibodies in this blood group or IgG but some are IgM or can be either(over 40+ antigen)

A

MNS

82
Q

These blood group antigens incidence is nearly 0% in sub-Saharan Africa

A

Duffy

83
Q

This blood group is notorious for severe delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions

A

Kidd

Blood Bank (6 decks)

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