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Question 1

Three features of cells and extra cellular matrix

Answer 1

-flexibility strength and protection- collagen
-elasticity-elastin
Binding of water- proteoglycans

Question 2

What are the 5 cell types in connective tissue

Answer 2

Fibroblast
Adipose fat
Mast cells
Macrophage
Plasma cells

Question 3

What are fibroblasts

Answer 3

Main cells of CT synthesise and maintain ECM
ECM contains three main components: fibrous component- elastin and fibres
Amorphous component- proteoglycans
Main component is the fibroblasts

Question 4

Explain the connective tissue type adipose

Answer 4

Fat, energy store, thermal insulator/shock absorber to protect cells and tissues.

Question 5

Explain the connective tissue cell mast cells

Answer 5

Secrete histamine and help initiate inflammatory response

Question 6

Explain the connective cell tissue type macrophage

Answer 6

Main phagocytise cell can present antigens

Question 7

Explain the connective tissue cell type plasma cells

Answer 7

Derived from b lymphocytes synthesise antibodies

Question 8

Types of collagen fibrous

Answer 8

Type1- pink wavy fibres with H and E stain
Type 2 cartilage made by Chondrocytes (which also produce elastin fibres and ground substance in cartilage
Type 3 reticular fibres delicate supporting framework in organs e.g liver- black with silver stain
Type 4 basal lamina basement membrane acts as support for tissues and micro filter in kidney
Type 5 embryonic tissue

Question 9

Describe collagen synthesis

Answer 9

Type 1 pro collagen peptide in fibroblast
Secreted pro collagen peptide
Cleavage of pro collagen
Self assembly into fibrils
When overlap dense region
When non overlap light reguon

Question 10

Collagen has dense and light areas

Answer 10

Overlap and non overlap

Question 11

What is scurvy

Answer 11

Vitamin c deficiency- defective collagen synthesis
Degeneration of connective tissue
Thinning of skin sunken eyes loss of teeth

Question 12

What are the symptoms of scurvy

Answer 12

Thinning of skin/sunken eyes loss of teeth

Question 13

Describe type 4 collagen- basal lamina

Answer 13

Extra cellular matrix receptors on the surface of cells which allow them to be anchored into the extra cellular matrix.
ECM receptors attach cells to the ECM by binding to a special ECM structure- the basal lamina (basement membrane)
Collagen four and laminin form layer on outside of cell membrane by binding to ECM receptors.

Question 14

Describe type 4 collagen- basal lamina

Answer 14

Extra cellular matrix receptors on the surface of cells which allow them to be anchored into the extra cellular matrix.
ECM receptors attach cells to the ECM by binding to a special ECM structure- the basal lamina (basement membrane)
Collagen four and laminin form layer on outside of cell membrane by binding to ECM receptors.

Question 15

Do smooth muscle cells have several nuclei per cell

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

Features of elastin fibrous

Answer 16

Made of elastin protein
Synthesised by fibroblasts in precursor form as tropoelastin
Tropoelastin released into the ECM and binds with another molecule before forming elastin.
Deposition in form of fibres requires microfibrils of fibrillin (a structural glycoprotein)
Microfibrils are damaged by sunlight
Vitamin A repairs microfibrils that are damaged by sunlight.

Question 17

Proteoglycans (amorphous)

Question 18

What is the normal stain for histological stains

Answer 18

Haematoxylin and eostine H and E
H stains nuclei blue/purple
E stains protein pink and red

Question 19

List the four structures of proteoglycan

Answer 19

Linker protein
Core protein
Hyalurin molecule
GAG glycos amino glycan

Question 20

How do proteoglycans resist compression

Answer 20

H20 binds to the GAG glycos amino glycan and GAG is hydrophilic so gels formed which resist compression.

Question 21

Why does skin degrade

Answer 21

Collagen elastin and GAG glycos amino glycan decrease with age

Question 22

Features of fat cell type in connective tissue

Answer 22

Mechanical buffering energy store
Fat- adipose tissue consists of adipocytes nucleus pushed to one side contains one large lipid droplet

Question 23

Features of cartilage

Answer 23

Semi rigid support
Cartilage is hard due to tightly bound water molecules
3 types elastic hyaline and fibrocartilage
Cells of cartilage chondracytes. Perichondrium have Chondrablasts and stem cells that make chondracytes.

Question 24

Type three collagen reticular fibres are:

Answer 24

Delicate supporting framework
In many cellular organs
Lymph nodes endocrine glands and liver
Stain black with silver stain.not h and e stain

Question 25

Elastin fibres what stains are used for them

Answer 25

Special stains black
Cross links between single elastin molecules.
In arteries tunica intima

Question 26

Loose connective tissue

Answer 26

Mesh work of elastin fibres inside mesh work is proteoglycans GAGS and linker proteins.
And collagen fibres

Question 27

what is the extracellular matrix

Answer 27

the relationship between collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans and water.