09.06.17 Lecture Flashcards
In this type of study, the intervention is under control of the researcher
Experimental study
In this type of study, the researcher observes the participants at one point in time (cross-sectional) or over time (longitudinal)
Observational Studies
A method of evaluating the effect of an experimental method on observable behavior (outcome) through repeated measures over time
Single Subject design (also called case study)
Not good for looking at effects on things that cannot be measured repeatedly and reliably is a limitation of what type of study?
Single Subject
If observations are made looking forward they are called
Prospective (observational study)
If observations are made from existing data they are called:
Retrospective (observational study)
What type of study is: Randomized controlled trial?
Experimental controlled trials
What type of study is:
Quasi-randomzed studies?
Experimental controlled trials
What type of study is:
Non-randomized studies?
Experimental controlled trials
What type of study is Phase I and II clinical trials?
Experimental uncontrolled trials
Which type of study is considered the gold standard of clinical research?
Randomized control trials (RCT)
Randomization increases or decreases internal validity?
Increases, reduces potential for bias
Features that add strength to RCTs:
- Blinding
- Sample size justification
- Statistical analyses with minimized number of covariates
In RCT’s exposures (aka independent variables - IVs) are manipulated by…
the researcher
In RCTs how are participants assigned to one intervention or the other?
Random allocation
T or F: RCT’s have control groups?
True
T or F: RCTs are the only design to test causal relationship?
TRUE (cause and effect relationship)
When data is analyzed based on the original random assignments regardless of the treatment subjects actually received, this is…
Intention to treat (ITT)
What is the most commonly used design of a non-randomized design, controlled trial that is experimental?
Pre-post design
Types of experimental controlled trials?
- RCTs
- Quasi-Randomized
- Non-Randomized
Factoral design include ____ or more independent variables
2
Types of experimental design for RCTs or Quasi-Randomized?
Between-Group comparison
- Pretest-posttest control group design
- Factorial design
- Randomized block design
When is randomized block design used?
When an extraneous factor might influence differences between groups
Types of experimental design for non-randomized?
Within group comparison
- Crossover design
- One-way repeated measures design
Which design is this? One group of subjects is tested under all conditions and each subject acts as their own control?
Within-group design
To show effects of intervention throughout trial, not just at beginning and end is what type of design
One-way repeated measure design under within-group design
The potential for practice effects or learning effect are disadvantages to what type of design?
Within group design
Carryover effects – when subjects are exposed to multiple
treatment conditions. This is a disadvantage of what type of design?
Within-group design
Ability to control for the potential influence of individual differences, such as age, gender, IQ, etc. is an advantage of what type of design?
Within-group design
Using subjects as their own control provided the most equivalent comparison group possible for what type of design?
Within-group design
