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BIOLOGY DEFINITIONS > 09. Microbiology [DEFINITIONS] > Flashcards

09. Microbiology [DEFINITIONS] Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbiology

A

Microbiology is the study of organisms that are too small and are not visible clearly to the naked eye or un-aided eye when they exist individually.

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2
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs are organisms that use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as the source of carbon

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3
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Photoheterotrophs are organisms that use light as a source of energy and organic carbon as their source of carbon

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4
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Chemoautotrophs are organisms that use inorganic chemicals as a source of energy and carbon dioxide (inorganic carbon) as a source of carbon

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5
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Chemoheterotrophs are organisms that use organic chemicals as a source of energy and organic carbon as their source of carbon

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6
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Obligate aerobes require oxygen for their survival and generate energy by oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and generate energy by fermentation

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8
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Facultative anaerobes prefer to grow in the presence of oxygen producing energy by oxidative phosphorylation, but they can also grow in anerobic environments using fermentation

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9
Q

Microaerophiles

A

These microorganisms can grow only in oxygen concentrations lower than those in the air.

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10
Q

Akinete

A

Thick walled resting spores with stored food

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11
Q

Nitrogenase Enzyme

A

It is an enzyme which catalyzes nitrogen fixation

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12
Q

Heterocyst

A

A structure containing a thick wall to protect nitrogenase enzyme from oxygen that could diffuse from neighboring photosynthetic cells and air or water

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13
Q

Mollicutes

A

Mollicutes are prokaryotes included in the domain bacteria. Mycoplasma and phytoplasma are considered unique due to the absence of cell walls.

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13
Q

Virus

A

They are neither eukaryotes or prokaryotes and do not show any cellular organization.

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14
Q

Helical Viruses

A

Helical viruses are long rigid or flexible rods

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15
Q

Icosahedron/ Polyhedral

A

Icosahedron symmetry (ex: adeno virus)

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16
Q

Complex viruses

A

Exhibits more than one form of symmetry with additional structures (ex: bacteriophage)

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17
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Roughly spherical, capsid covered by envelopes (ex: Herpes simplex virus)

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18
Q

Viroids

A

Viroids consist only of short piece of naked RNA with no protective layer such as a protein coat.

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19
Q

Prions

A

Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles which are smaller than viruses.

20
Q

Sterilization

A

Sterilization is the process of removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life including endospores

21
Q

Nutrient Agar (NA)

A

It is a general medium used to grow bacteria made of peptone, meat extract, sodium chloride, agar and distilled water.

22
Q

Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)

A

General media used to grow fungi and made up of potato, glucose, agar and distilled water.

23
Q

Pathogen

A

An organisms or entity (non-living entities such as virus and prions) that is capable of causing disease

24
Q

Host

A

Organism within which infected pathogens live on or in and multiply

25
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease in the host by overcoming the defense of a host

26
Q

Parasite

A

An organisms or entity living on or in another living organism (host) and obtain nutrients and other resources from the host.

27
Q

Virulence

A

Virulence is the degree of pathogenicity of the pathogen

28
Q

Virulent Factors

A

Few genes of pathogenic microorganisms express factors which provide them the ability to infect their host and cause disease. Such factors are called virulent factors

29
Q

Phospholipase

A

Destroy animal cell membranes

30
Q

Toxigenicity

A

Ability of microorganisms to produce biochemical substances known as toxins that disrupt the normal functions of cells.

31
Q

Neurotoxins

A

Interfere with normal transmission of nerve impulses (ex: toxins produced by Clostridium tetani)

32
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Stimulates cells of the gastrointestinal tract in an abnormal way (ex: toxins produced by Vibrio cholera)

33
Q

Cytotoxins

A

Kills host cells by enzymatic attack (ex: toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

34
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccines

A

Vaccine contains live pathogens which were deliberately weakened for its pathogenicity. These vaccines mimic an actual infection

35
Q

Inactivated Vaccines

A

Pathogenic microorganism is inactivated or killed in the vaccine. Compared to live attenuated vaccines, inactivated killed vaccines often require repeated booster doses.

36
Q

Subunit Vaccines

A

Subunit vaccines contain only the antigenic fragments of a pathogen that can induce immunity in the recipient

37
Q

Bioremediation

A

Bioremediation is a technology that applies of living organisms to remove, degrade or detoxify pollutants. Bioremediation naturally occurs in the soil.

38
Q

Nitrification

A

Nitrification is the process of oxidation of nitrogen in the ammonium ion to produce nitrate.

39
Q

Denitrification

A

In the absence of atmospheric oxygen, some microorganism use nitrate and reduces it into N2. This process is called denitrification.

40
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

The process of conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia is termed as nitrogen fixation

41
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between plant roots with fungi

42
Q

Sedimentation

A
43
Q

Filtration

A

After sedimentation and coagulation, water is filtered by passing through beds of fine sand. Filtration removes protozoan cysts and other microorganisms.

44
Q

Disinfection

A

The final step in water treatment.

45
Q

Food Spoilage

A

Growth of microorganisms in food changes physical, chemical and biological structures of food and making them unfit for consumption.

46
Q

Putrefaction

A

Protein present in the food source is broken down by the proteolytic enzymes secreted by proteolytic microorganisms into amino acids, amines, ammonia and hydrogen sulphate (HS)

47
Q

Fermentation

A
48
Q

Rancidity

A

Here, the lipids present in the food source are converted into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymes secreted by lipolytic microorganisms

BIOLOGY DEFINITIONS (10 decks)

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