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A&P Test 2 > 09/13 > Flashcards

09/13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pain neuron?

A

Free nerve endings

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2
Q

What is the most important sensory neuron for us?

A

free nerve endings

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3
Q

What is adaptation of the sensory neurons?

A

The resetting of the neurons to a “new normal”

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4
Q

What is reverse adaptation in a neuron?

A

When a stimulus becomes stronger over time instead of us getting used to it. This happens in pain.

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5
Q

Why should you take prescribed pain mediations after surgery?

A

Because Nociceptors have reverse adaptation

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6
Q

How can you prevent a pain response?

A

By blocking the nerves

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7
Q

Superior

A

up

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8
Q

inferior

A

down

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9
Q

dorsal

A

back

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10
Q

ventral

A

front

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11
Q

Anatomical positions are named based on what position of a body?

A

standing facing you with palms facing forward

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12
Q

anterior

A

frontp

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13
Q

posterior

A

back

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14
Q

medial

A

towards the middle

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15
Q

lateral

A

away form the middle

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16
Q

rostral

A

Front and towards the top

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17
Q

Caudal/Caudad

A

down and towards the rear

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18
Q

distal

A

away from CNS

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19
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the CNS

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20
Q

Sagittal

A

separates the left and right sides

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21
Q

coronal

A

separates the front from back

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22
Q

Horizontal

A

separates the top from the bottom

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23
Q

Oblique

A

an odd angle separating 2 parts

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24
Q

Telencephalon

A

Outer part of the brain

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25
Q

Diencephalon

A

Inner part of the brain

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26
Q

The diencephalon serves as the connecting point between

A

The cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem

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27
Q

What is found in the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral cortex
Commisurals
basal ganglia

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28
Q

What makes up the cerebral cortex?

A

cerebral hemispheres or lobes

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29
Q

What is located in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
hypothalamus

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30
Q

Hypothalamus is where in relation to the thalamus?

A

Underneath or deep

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31
Q

What is the thalamus important for?

A

It’s an important relay center between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem and the rest of the body

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32
Q

The hypothalamus is super important for a

A

lot of critical functions within the body including
Sensory
control center for a lot of things

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33
Q

Where are osmoreceptors found?

A

in the hypothalamus

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34
Q

What are the receptors found in the hypothalamus?

A

infection sensors
body temperature sensors
osmoreceptors

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35
Q

Where is the brain stem located?

A

right below the diencephalon

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36
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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37
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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38
Q

what does the pons look like?

A

an olive

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39
Q

What is a groove named on the brain?

A

sulcus

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40
Q

What is beneath the medulla oblongata?

A

The cord

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41
Q

What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?

A

fissure is a deep groove
sulcus is not a deep groove

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42
Q

What are the lumps of tissue called on the brain between the sulci?

A

Gyrus

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43
Q

What is the multiple of a gyrus?

A

gyri

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44
Q

What are gyri made of?

A

lumps of neurons and supporting tissue

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45
Q

What are the 4 major lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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46
Q

Where do we do most of our thinking?

A

Frontal lobe

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47
Q

What is right behind the frontal lobe?

A

parietal lobe

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48
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

the primary somatosensory cortex
This is where majority of sensations are processed

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49
Q

Where is the occipital lobe and what does it do?

A

In the rear of the brain
It is where vision is processed
“the primary visual cortex”

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50
Q

Where is the temporal lobe?

A

The lateral side of the brain right next to where our ears are

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51
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

It processes stuff that we hear
language comprehension
listening to music

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52
Q

What separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?

A

a very very deep groove called the central sulcus

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53
Q

What is the main anatomical marker when you are dissecting a human brain?

A

the central sulcus

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54
Q

Which deep groove is beneath the central sulcus?

A

The temporal lateral fissure

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55
Q

What does the temporal lateral fissure separate?

A

the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

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56
Q

What runs down the sagittal plane and separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A

The longitudinal fissure. It runs from the front of the brain to the back

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57
Q

Label this image

A
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58
Q

Label this image

A
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59
Q

Label the yellow and blue highlighted sections

A

Yellow: Motor Cortex
Blue: Sensory Cortex

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60
Q

Label this image including the highlighted sections

A

Yellow: Longitudinal Fissure
Blue: temporal lateral fissures
Red: Corpus Callosum
Green: deep brain structures including the diencephalon

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61
Q

What is limiting the right side of the brain from talking to the left side of the brain?

A

the longitudinal fissure separates most of the brain leaving only a small amount of space for a continual structure called the corpus callosum for information to pass from one side to the other

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62
Q

What structure has to be cut in order to view when cutting the brain in a sagittal cross section?

A

The Corpus callosum

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63
Q

Why is the corpus callosum a different color when cut sagittaly?

A

There are a lot of myelinated neurons

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64
Q

What is the specific area in the temporal lobe where language comprehension and intelligence is taken care of?

A

Wernicke’s area

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65
Q

Why is the Broca’s area found in the frontal lobe?

A

Because we have to think about what we are going to say, and the action of talking is a Motor function both of which are found in the frontal lobe

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66
Q

What is the part of the brain where we think about what we’re going to say, controlling our voice box and respiratory system?

A

Broca’s Area

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67
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

The most posterior part of the frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus
It is the pre-cetentral gyrus

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68
Q

Where is the Samatosensory area located?

A

Anterior gyrus of the parietal lobe
post central gyrus

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69
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Developing emotional responses to things that are happening around them

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70
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

Temporal lobe AND also widespread throughout a number of areas in the brain

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71
Q

Why is the limbic system important for CRNA’s?

A

If people are in pain for long periods of time, and if your emotions start being involved in pain, usually it’s perceived to be much much worse an injury or situation.

72
Q

How wide is the spinal cord?

A

Not any wider than a quarter

73
Q

What are the lighter areas called on a cross section of the spinal cord?

A

White matter

74
Q

What are the darker areas called on a cross section of the spinal cord?

A

Gray matter

75
Q

What is the gray matter made up of in the spinal cord?

A

Non-myelinated neurons and lots of cell bodies

76
Q

Why is the white matter white in the spinal cord?

A

myelinated neurons

77
Q

Gray matter makes up the

A

thinking part of the CNS

78
Q

White matter _______ decisions made by the gray matter around the system

A

transmits

79
Q

Where are reflex decisions made?

A

In the grey matter of the spinal cord

80
Q

The outer layer of the cerebral cortex is made up of _______ matter

A

Grey

81
Q

The inner layer of the cerebral cortex is made up of _______ matter

A

White

82
Q

What is one good thing about having the grey matter on the outside of the cerebral cortex?

A

Blood vessels sit right outside of the grey matter so they don’t have to send blood very far to supply the grey matter

83
Q

What is one bad thing about having the grey matter on the outside of the cerebral cortex?

A

If we hit out head and our brain hits the inside of our skull, it can give us a concussion and temporarily or permanently damage part of our grey matter, and then we don’t have the thinking processes that we once had

84
Q

What is the body’s protection for the brain from the skull?

A

the brain is suspended in CSF creating a buffer

85
Q

For people that have damage to the grey areas, how can they recover?

A

Sometimes the matter is regenerated, and sometimes neighboring tissues can adapt and take over that part’s functions

86
Q

What is the grey area called in the spinal cord where information can be sent from the left side to right side and vice versa?

A

Lamina 10

87
Q

What are the white areas called in front and behind Lamina 10?

A

Anterior white commissar (AWC)
Posterior white commmissar

88
Q

What does commissar mean?

A

connecting
a place where things can cross

89
Q

It is very rare for things to not

A

cross over to the other side of the brain
(01:26:18 Lecture 3)

90
Q

What is the deep groove in the back of the spinal cord called?

A

Posterior median fissure

91
Q

What is the deep groove in the front of the spinal cord called?

A

Anterior median fissure

92
Q

Which is bigger: Anterior median fissure or Posterior median fissure

A

Anterior median fissure

93
Q

Why is the Anterior median fissure bigger than the Posterior median fissure?

A

A large arterial blood vessel sits there

94
Q

What is the tiny hole called in the middle of the spinal cord?

A

Central Canal

95
Q

What does the central canal do?

A

It is lined with ciliated cells that move CSF from the brain down the cord until the cord terminates

96
Q

The anterior grey matter in the spinal cord is called the________ and looks

A

anterior horn; fat

97
Q

The posterior grey matter in the spinal cord is called the_______ and looks

A

posterior horn; skinny

98
Q

Sensory information is fed into the ______ of the spinal cord

A

dorsal horn

99
Q

Motor information is sent from the ______ of the spinal cord

A

anterior horn

100
Q

cell bodies in the dorsal horn probably have

A

sensory function

101
Q

cell bodies in the anterior horn probably have

A

motor functions

102
Q

Why is the orientation of the dorsal and anterior horns good for CRNA’s?

A

Because it is much easier to get to the sensory portion for epidurals and spinals.

103
Q

What are the small projections in between the anterior and posterior horns called?

A

lateral horn

104
Q

Where do the large vessels come from that feed into the spinal cord?

A

The arteries in between the ribs
intercostal arteries

105
Q

How are arteries situated on the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord?

A

The anterior has one large, medial anterior spinal artery
the posterior has 2 lateral posterior spinal arteries

106
Q

Sensory information that comes into the spinal cord comes in through

A

posterior rootles

107
Q

Motor information that goes out of the spinal cord exits through

A

anterior rootlets

108
Q

In what direction are spinal nerves situated on the spinal cord?

A

They attach horizontily

109
Q

What is the pathway of sensory information from the spinal nerve?

A

information comes from the spinal nerve into the posterior root
goes into the Rootlets
comes into the Dorsal horn horizontilly
jumps into the white matter to be ascended to the brain stem or cord

110
Q

Spinal nerves are made of _______________ and therefore have both___________ and __________ function

A

posterior and anterior rootlets;
sensory and motor

111
Q

Label this image

A

A. Posterior median Sulcus
B. Dorsal Horn
C. Lamina 10
D. Central Canal
E. Anterior Commissar
F. Anterior horn
G. Anterior median sulcus

112
Q

Label this image

A

A. Posterior rootlet
B. Posterior root with spinal ganglion
C. Spinal nerve
D. Anterior Root
E. Anterior rootlets

113
Q

Where rootlets come together is called a

A

root

114
Q

Where roots come together is called a

A

spinal nerve

115
Q

What is a spinal ganglion?

A

a collection of cell bodies from a pseudo unipolar neuron

116
Q

Where are spinal ganglion found?

A

in the posterior root because pseudo unipolar neurons are sensory neurons sending senses to the posterior root

117
Q

What is this showing?

A

The ascending sensory columns

118
Q

what is this image showing?

A

the descending motor pathways

119
Q

How many cervical vertebra do we have?

A

7

120
Q

How many thoracic vertebra do we have?

A

12

121
Q

How many lumbar vertebra do we have?

A

5

122
Q

How many sacral vertebra do we have?

A

5 at birth
1 as an adult

123
Q

How many coccygeal vertebra do we have?

A

4 at birth
2 as an adult

124
Q

How many cervical nerves do we have?

A

8

125
Q

How many lumbar nerves do we have?

A

5

126
Q

How many thoracic nerves do we have?

A

12

127
Q

How many sacral nerves do we have?

A

5

127
Q

How many coccygeal nerves do we have?

A

1

128
Q

Where is the first cervical nerve found?

A

superior to C1

129
Q

After C1, where are each of the vertebrae’s nerves found?

A

below it’s associated vertebra with the exception of the sacrum.
the sacrum’s nerves are located inferior to where the pre-fused vertebra were.

130
Q

What is the dermatome man?

A

a picture of the different regions of the body that are innervated by specific nerves

131
Q

A normal adult spine forms a ____ shape

A

S

132
Q

A baby’s spine has a _______ curvature

A

kyphotic

133
Q

Anterior convex curvature is called _____ and is found in a normal adult spine in the

A

lordosis

neck and lumbar

134
Q

posterior concave curvature is called _____ and is found in a normal adult spine in the

A

kyphosis

thoracic and sacral

135
Q

What is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called?

A

scoliosis

136
Q

When you get a hunchback, you have

A

thoracic kyphosis

137
Q

What is the most common combination of abnormal curvature that people have?

A

kyphoscoliosis
kyphosis and scoliosis

138
Q

What determines if people get treated for scoliosis?

A

How it effects their lives. Surgery is the correction and has risks

139
Q

Why can’t babies hold their head up?

A

they have lack of experience, their kyphotic spine anatomically does not support the weight of their head

140
Q

What is the weight supporting structure of the spine?

A

Vertebral Body

141
Q

The vertebral bodies are _______ at the top and get _______ as they go down

A

small- supports less weight
larger- supports a lot of weight

142
Q

What is the U structure that encases the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral arch

143
Q

What is the first part of the vertebral arch?

A

pedicle

144
Q

What is the second part of the vertebral arch?

A

lamina

145
Q

what is a process?

A

a bony extension

146
Q

What is the palpable process of the spinal cord?

A

spinous process

147
Q

What do bony extensions allow for?

A

a place for vetebra to connect to one another

148
Q

Superior articular processes connect to

A

inferior articular processes of the vertebra above it

149
Q

What are the processes called that stick out to each side of the vertebral arch?

A

Transverse Processes

150
Q

Label this image

A
151
Q

What does the inferior vertebral notch provide space for?

A

the spinal nerve to exit

152
Q

What is the joint between an inferior articular process and a superior articular process called?

A

articular facet

153
Q

What is coated on the articular facets?

A

cartilage

154
Q

What is the cartilage on a facet joint for?

A

To keep bone from rubbing against bone. this wears down as we get older

155
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral foramen?

A

gives space for the spinal cord

156
Q

An opening in anatomy is called a

A

foramen

157
Q

Vast majority of our cervical vertebra have

A

a wide open vertebral foramen
a vertebral arch
body
superior articular process and facet

158
Q

Specialized structures in the neck include

A

compound spinous processes

159
Q

What is a compound spinous process?

A

a vertebra with 2 projections sticking out like a fork called a bifid spinous process

160
Q

Which vertebra can you find a bifid spinous process on?

A

C2-C5

161
Q

C6 has bifid spinous process ______ of the time

A

half

162
Q

What percent of people of a bifid C7

A

.3 percent

163
Q

Most people’s C7 is

A

Not bifid

164
Q

transverse processes in the neck have

A

transverse foramens

165
Q

What runs through transverse foramens

A

vertebral arteries

166
Q

Do the vertebral arteries pass through C7?

A

No

167
Q

Transverse processes in the neck have a groove, what is this for and what is it called?

A

a place for the spinal nerves to sit
a transverse process with sulcus for the spinal nerve

168
Q

what is C1 called?

A

atlas

169
Q

What is C2 called?

A

axis

169
Q

Why is C1 different?

A

It has to have special connections to fit into the base of the skull and C2

169
Q

The vertebral opening in C1 is _______ than the others. why?

A

Bigger
Because the cord is bigger d/t more information needing to be sent at the top than at the bottom of the spinal cord.

170
Q

Label this image

A
171
Q

Label this image

A
172
Q

Label this image

A

A&P Test 2 (7 decks)

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