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A&P Test 2 > 09/06 Class 1 > Flashcards

09/06 Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process that the body uses to suppress activity in the body?

A

Hyperpolarization

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2
Q

It requires more of a _______ to turn on a cell that is hyperpolarized.

A

stimulus, or positive charge

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3
Q

What is another name for a voltage gated calcium channel?

A

a slow calcium channel

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4
Q

What is an example of a voltage gated calcium channel antagonist?

A

Dihydropyridine drugs

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5
Q

Chloride plays an important role in the

A

nervous system

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6
Q

Typically, chloride permeability is adjusted to ___________ electrolytes.

A

Hyperpolarize, or suppress

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7
Q

What receptors in the body open up chloride channels in neurons?

A

GABA

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8
Q

Depolarization in cells are a type of

A

positive feed back

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9
Q

Depolarization is a ________ and therefore can go in either direction

A

2 way process

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10
Q

What is the fastest way to depolarize a cell?

A

starting in the middle and going around in opposite directions.

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11
Q

What are three examples of stimulation of a cell?

A

Through neurotransmitters
Through direct muscle stimulation (like a taser)
Through pressure

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12
Q

What are the neurons called that are specialized to talk to skeletal muscles?

A

Motor neurons

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13
Q

What are two examples of neurotransmitters?

A

mACh
nACh

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14
Q

What is nACh-R?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

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15
Q

What is the space called between a motor neuron and a skeletal cell?

A

Neuro muscular junction

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16
Q

nACh has how many binding sites?

A

2

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17
Q

nACh receptors are specialized for

A

skeletal muscles
some are found in the brain though

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18
Q

How does nicotine affect a nACH-r?

A

Nicotine can bind and stimulate nACh receptors, producing tremors or shaking.

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19
Q

What is the target that’s found on skeletal muscle?

A

nACh receptors

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20
Q

What dictates the nACh receptor’s specificity?

A

negatively charged amino acids that line the inside of the channel

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21
Q

What is the most common electrolyte that is found going through a nACh receptor?

A

Na+

22
Q

What is the process when the brain wants to move a muscle?

A
  1. Brain sends neurotransmitter nACh down neurons to the skeletal muscle.
  2. nACh binds to nACh receptors on the skeletal muscles.
  3. Receptor opens up and allows a lot of Na+ and a little Ca++ into the cell as well as a tiny bit of K+ out of the cell
  4. Influx of positive ions creates a depolarization, which leads to a chain reaction by activating Fast Na+ channels.
  5. This allows more Na+ into the cell until muscle contracts.
23
Q

What is usually the initiating event for an action potential in a skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Brain sends neurotransmitter nACh down neurons to the skeletal muscle.
  2. nACh binds to nACh receptors on the skeletal muscles.
  3. Receptor opens up and allows a lot of Na+ and a little Ca++ into the cell as well as a tiny bit of K+ out of the cell

The influx of Na+ is the initiating event

24
Q

Where to paralytics work?

A

at the NMJ

25
Q

What is mACh?

A

muscarinic ACh

26
Q

Why is mACh called that?

A

because it corresponds to a compound called muscarine.

27
Q

What is muscarine?

A

a chemical that is found in the rainforest

28
Q

Where are mACh receptors found?

A

heart
smooth muscle
lungs

29
Q

What do mACh receptors do in the heart?

A

They adjust pumping levels of the heart and electrical activity by controlling hyperpolarization

30
Q

Where in the heart are mACh receptors found?

A

The pacing centers: AV node and SA node

31
Q

Which nerve predominantly effects the SA node?

A

right vagus nerve

32
Q

Which nerve predominantly effects the Av node?

A

left vagus nerve

33
Q

What type of receptor is the mACh receptor?

A

GPCR

34
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found in the heart that relates to the heart rate?

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

What is one effect the G-protein and alpha unit from a mACh receptor have on the cell after acetylcholine binds?

A

They communicate with the potassium channels and open them.

36
Q

What is result of the mACh stimulating K+ receptors?

A

Potassium leaves the cell making the cell more negative, which overall makes the cell harder to excite

37
Q

How often does a normal action potential happen in a mACh receptor in the heart?

A

70-72bpm

38
Q

What does having “massive vagal stimulation” do in the heart?

A

It increases permeability of K+ which lets K+ out of the cell and therefore makes the cells in the SA and VA more negative and slows the heart down.

39
Q

What does everyone use to keep the brakes on the heart?

A

acetylcholine mediated hyperpolarization

40
Q

What is the side effect of an anti muscarinic drug?

A

higher heart rate

41
Q

What is basal acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholine that is found naturally in our body

42
Q

What happens when you give atropine to a healthy person?

A

It speeds up their heart rate by blocking the normal vagus activity in the heart, showing that we have basal ACh

43
Q

What would our heart rate be if the nervous system wasn’t interferring?

A

110bpm

44
Q

What are the two main types of muscarinic receptors in the heart?

A

muscarinic acetylcholine Receptor
Beta receptor

45
Q

mACh-r and B-r _________ each other

A

Antagonize. Basically, the more ACh activity, it negates any catacolamine activity and vise versa

46
Q

How does pressure stimulate an action potential?

A

There are a lot of pressure sensitive sodium channels inside the sensor.
When these are flattened out from pressure, the sodium channels are widened, allowing more Na+ to pass through them, making the cell more positive which generates an action potential.

47
Q

What does the brain do in response to high pressure in our arteries?

A

adjusts our cardiac output and SVR

48
Q

What is an example of a pressure sensor?

A

Baroreceptor

49
Q

If we have enough pressure on our skin, what happens on the inside of our body?

A

If we have enough of a stimulus, the electrical activity at the sensor gets turned into an action potential, which then gets fed into a transmitting part of the neuron. This is then sent to the nervous system for processing in the form of action potentials.

50
Q

If you have a lot of pressure on your skin you’re going to have ____

A

a lot of rapid action potentials

A&P Test 2 (7 decks)

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