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Pharm Test 2 > 09/11 > Flashcards

09/11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

Afferent and Efferent

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2
Q

Afferent goes

A

towards the CNS.

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3
Q

Efferent goes

A

away from the CNS

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4
Q

the CNS is made of the

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

the PNS is made of the

A

Everything outside of the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Afferent is made up of

A

many different sensors in the body that send information to the CNS

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7
Q

Efferent is made up of:

A

Somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

the somatic nervous system controls the

A

skeletal muscles

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9
Q

the autonomic nervous system can be further broken down into the:

A

Parasympathetic
sympathetic
enteric nervous system

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10
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls the

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Not under conscious control

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11
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nuclei

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12
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglia

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13
Q

Sympathetic responses are the

A

fight or flight

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14
Q

Where does blood shift to during a sympathetic response?

A

heart and muscles, lungs
increases the HR and BP

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15
Q

Parasympathetic response is the

A

rest and digest response

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16
Q

blood shunts to the _____ in the parasympathetic response

A

endocrine
GI
urogenital
“rest and digest”

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17
Q

which response is running all of the time and which response is only running when needed?

A

Sympathetic runs all the time
Parasympathetic only kicks in to bring the body back to normal and then it shuts back off

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18
Q

Craniosacral nerves form the

A

Parasympathetic side

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19
Q

Thoracolumbar nerves form the

A

sympathetic side

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20
Q

What is the most important cranial nerve in the parasympathetic side and what does it do?

A

Cranial nerve 10 the vagus nerve
it slows down the heart rate

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21
Q

sympathetic Preganglionic fibers are

A

short
originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
Ganglia are found close to the spinal cord

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22
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic fibers are

A

long
originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
Ganglia are found close to the spinal cord

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23
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic nerves are

A

long
orginate in the brain and sacral spinal cord
the ganglia are found in the visceral effector organs

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24
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic nerves are

A

short
orginate in the brain and sacral spinal cord
the ganglia are found in the visceral effector organs

25
Q

what percent of all the parasympathetic output goes through the vagus nerve?

A

75%

26
Q

Where are the two places that epinephrine can be released during fight or flight?

A

Adrenal gland
CNS

27
Q

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic
* widespread impact
* reaches organs and tissues throughout the body
Sympathetic
* innervates only specific visceral structures
* effects are shorter lived (bc they’re stopped after homeostasis is reached)

28
Q

ANS axons are a

A

2 neuron chain
-preganglionic(1st)
-postganglionic(2nd)

29
Q

Preganglionic fibers all release

A

ACh

30
Q

Postganglionic fibers release

A

norepinephrine or ACh, their effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory

31
Q

In skeletal muscle, there are no

A

ganglion

32
Q

all of the parasympathetic system release

A

ACh

33
Q

Largely, sympathetic releases ______ but can also release ______

A

norepinephrine
ACh

34
Q

What is a direct sympathomimetics?

A

a drug that mimics the sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

What are sympathomimetic examples?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
isoperterinol

36
Q

What are indirect sympathomimetic examples?

A

Ephedrine
amphetamine

They don’t bind to the receptor they just make it so that we have more norepinephrine in the synapse for a longer period of time

37
Q

inotropic cardiac effects

A

force

38
Q

chronotropic cardiac effects

A

rate

39
Q

sympatholytics

A

inhibit the sympathetic nervous system
can inhibit either alpha or beta receptors or both

40
Q

What binds to cholinergic receptors?

A

muscarine
nicotine

41
Q

What binds to adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha
beta
dopamine

42
Q

What are the subtypes of muscarinic?

A

Muscarinic 1-5

43
Q

What are the subtypes of nicotinic?

A

Nicotinic Nn nuronal
Nicotinic Nm muscular

44
Q

What are the subtypes of Alpha?

A

alpha 1
alpha 2

45
Q

What are the subtypes of beta?

A

Beta 1-3

46
Q

What are the subtypes of dopamine?

A

D1-5
Da1-2

47
Q

Endogenous ligands or any sympathomimetic that bind to adrenergic receptor alpha stimulate what?

A

Alpha 1 and alpha 2

48
Q

Endogenous ligands or any sympathomimetic that bind to adrenergic receptor alpha1 stimulate what?

A

Gq
This activates phospholipase C- activates IP3 and Diacylglycerol (DAG)

49
Q

Endogenous ligands or any sympathomimetic that bind to adrenergic receptor alpha2 stimulate what?

A

Gi (inhibitory)
this inhibits adenlyate cyclase- decreases CAMP

50
Q

Endogenous ligands or any sympathomimetic that bind to adrenergic receptor beta stimulate what?

A

beta 1
beta 2

51
Q

Endogenous ligands or any sympathomimetic that bind to adrenergic receptor beta1 stimulate what?

A

Gs(stimulatory)
Stimulates Adenylate cyclase- increases CAMP

52
Q

Endogenous ligands or any sympathomimetic that bind to adrenergic receptor beta2 stimulate what?

A

Beta3

53
Q

Alpha 1 gq pathway in the periphery

A
  1. Norepi binds
  2. activates G-protein
  3. G-Protein activates Phospholipase C
  4. Activates second messengers: DAG, IP3
  5. IP3 goes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum where Ca++ is stored in the cell
  6. Calcium channels are opened and Ca++ is released into the cell
    * secondary effect: ECF Ca++ influxes through L and T type Ca++ channels
  7. Ca++ activates MLCK
  8. MLCK phosphorolates Myosin
  9. Smooth muscle cell contraction= Increase in BP

Secondary Pathway
1. DAG activates Protein kinase C
2. Protein kinase C inhibits MLCP= More myosin is allowed to be phosphorolated

54
Q

Where are most of our Alpha 1 receptors found?

A

in the smooth musculature that surrounds the blood vasculature.

55
Q

Beta 1=

A

Heart

56
Q

Norepinephrine binding to sympathetic nerve pathway in the heart

A
  1. Norepinephrine binds to beta1
  2. B1 stimulates adenylyl cyclase
  3. adenylyl cyclase turns ATP into CAMP
  4. CAMP activates protein kinase A
  5. Protein Kinase A influxes ECF Ca++ & releases Ca++ from Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. increased Ca++ = increased forcable contraction
57
Q

Beta 2 stimulation in the periphery

A
  1. Norepinephrine binds to beta2
  2. B2 stimulates adenylyl cyclase
  3. adenylyl cyclase turns ATP into CAMP
  4. CAMP inhibits MLCK= less myosin is allowed to be phosphorolated
  5. Relaxation happens
58
Q

What are NANC neurons

A

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic

59
Q

Describe the autonomic feedback loop for MAP

A

Pharm Test 2 (9 decks)

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