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Neurology 1- M2 > 09 09 2014 Cerebelum > Flashcards

09 09 2014 Cerebelum Flashcards

1
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Balance, smooth coordination of movement

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2
Q

Where does sensory and motor inputs plus outputs go through?

A
  1. Superior peduncle
  2. Middle peduncle
  3. Inferior Peduncle
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3
Q

Superior peduncle

A

connects to midbrain and thalamus (VA/VL)

  • outputs (crossed) to VA/VL and red nucleus
  • some inputs from spinal cord

*decussates in midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi

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4
Q

Middle peduncle

A

Connects to pons

  • formed entirely by inputs coming from pons
  • contralateral pontine nuclei
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5
Q

Inferior peduncle

A

connects to medulla/spinal cord

  • inputs from medulla and spinal cord (olive)
  • Outputs to vestibular and reticular nuclei
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6
Q

Ataxia

A

Uncoordinated movement

Hallmark of cerebellar sign

  • appendicular (limbs)
  • gait
  • trunk
  • Speech (no normal tempo)
  • extraocular (stagmis)
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7
Q

What happens if there is a lateral lesion in the cerebellum?

A

Affect limbs ipsilaterally

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8
Q

What if there is a medial lesion in the cerbellum

A

Affect trunk and eye movements

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9
Q

Vermis

A

proximal and trunk muscle control plus vestibulo-ocular control

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10
Q

Intermediate part

A

control of more distal appendicular muscles in legs and arms

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11
Q

Lateral part

A

planning the motor program for extremities

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12
Q

primary fissure

A

1/3 from rostral

-Deep fissure that divides cerebellum from anterior vs posterior lobes

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13
Q

Who provides outputs?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei.

* inputs come in here!

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14
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

A
  1. dentate
  2. Interposed nuclei (globose and emboliform)
  3. Fastigial nuclei
  4. Vestibular nuclei
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15
Q

Dentate nuclei

A

receives projections from lateral cerebellar hemisphere.

-Active before voluntary movements.

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16
Q

Interposed nuclei

A

globose and emboliform

-receive input from intermediate part of cerebellum.

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17
Q

Fastigial nuclei

A

most medial- receive input from vermis and small input from flocculonodular lobe

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18
Q

Vestibular nuclei

A

located in brainstem close to cerebellum
-output nuclei for flocculonodular lobe

-not part of deep cerebellar nuclei

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19
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus

A

located in medulla
- histology: look like dentate (but are in medulla)

  • inputs from spinal cord and cortex.
  • output to contralateral cerebellum via the interior cerebellar peduncle.
  • IO neurons coordinate through gap junctions
  • inputs throughout cerebellum

-motor learning

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20
Q

Cerebellum works as a comparator

A

An efferent copy of command is made and once it reaches the cerebellar cortex, the efferent command (copy) is compared to the feedback of original motor command and an error correction is made.

This error correction is then sent back to brainstem and cerebral cortex.

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21
Q

Inputs to deep cerebellar nuclei

A
  1. Mossy fibers– everywhere not from inferior olive.

2. Climbing fibers- come from contralateral inferior olivary nucleus.

22
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

modulate levels of feedback via purkinje fibers.

23
Q

Layers of cerbellar cortex before hitting white matter

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. Purkinje cell layer
  3. Granual cell layer
24
Q

Molecular layer

A

layer where purkinje dendrites are. they synaptic connections.

25
Q

Purkinje layer

A

Cell bodies of purkinje neurons.

26
Q

Granule cell layer

A

project upward toward molecular layer

-send axons to molecular layer to connect with purkinje cell dendrites.

27
Q

Mossy fibers

A

go straight up into Granule layer and synapse with granule cells. Make end-on-end connection

28
Q

Climbing fibers

A

Inputs from olive

  • come in and go all the way up to the molecular layer (synapse at purkinje dendrite)
  • activated when movement errors occur. When activated they change synaptic length of parallel fibers onto purkinje neurons – change cortical inhibitory loop
29
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Lateral hemisphere of cerebellum.

  • motor planning
  • active before movement
30
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

vermis + intermediate part of cerebellum.

  • feedback from spinal cord allows adjustments for movement.
  • more for execution vs. planning
31
Q

What are the three cerebellar circuits

A
  1. Cerebrocerebellum
  2. Spinocerebellum
  3. Vestibulocerebellum
32
Q

Cerebrocerebellum circuit

A

Input: Cerebral cortex – pons– pontine nuclei

Controls pre-motor cortex output based on predictions. – active before movement.
* contralateral!! (Left cortex projects to right cerebellum)

-Input from cerebral cortex –> pontine nucleus–> (crosses Middle cerebellar peduncle) to get to lateral hemisphere of cerebellar cortex.

  • Cerebellar corted –> dentate nucleus
  • -> (crosses Superior cerebellar peduncle) to VA/VL and red nucleus (midbrain).

VA/VL –> signal back to motor cortex.

33
Q

Spinocerebellum circuit

A

Input: Spinal cord

input travels up inferior cerebellar peduncle to Intermediate part and vermis of cerebellar cortex.

  • Output to interposed and fastigial neurons.
  • out puts sent to VA/VL, Red nucleus, and Reticular F., Vestibular n. and rubrospinal tract (flexors of arms)

VA/VL send signal to motor and premotor cortex.

34
Q

Specific types of input from spinal cord to spinocerebellum circuit

A

From lower extremities:

  • Dorsal spinocerebellar (Clarke’s nucleus)
  • Ventral spinocerebellar (ventral horn)

From upper extremities:

  • Cuneocerebellar (external cuneate n)
  • Rostral spinocerebellar tract (unknown yet).
35
Q

What information is sent via inputs to spinocerebellum circuit?

A
  • proprioceptors

- Motor activation information from lumbosacral SC intermediate zone and ventral horn

36
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

input to spinocerebellar tract

  • muscle spindle and GTO information is sent up via gracile tract. Collateral to Clarke’s nucleus (C8-L2). Dorsal spinocerebellar tract continues ipsilatral to Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • proprioceptive information from lower limb
37
Q

Cuneocerebellar tract

A

input to spinocerebellar tract

  • muscle spindle and GTO information sent via cuneate tract –> collateral to accessory/lateral/external cuneate nucleus (located right next o cuneate nucleus– DCML) in medulla.
  • ipsilateral pathway
  • proprioceptive info from upper limb to inferior cerebellar peduncle
38
Q

ventral spinocerebellar tract

A

input to spinocerebellar tract

  • originates from interneurons in lumbosacral cord (intermediate zone). Cross medially all the way to the other side’s ventral spinocerebellar tract and continues contra laterally to the superior cerebellar pedunce. There, it crosses to the intermediate part and vermis of the cerebellar cortex.
  • carries information of muscle activation
39
Q

Vestibulocerebellum circuit

A

monitors and corrects eye movements, posture, and balance

  • CN# 8 sends trajection to both flocullonodular lobe and (via ICP) to Vestibular n.
  • Flocullonodular lobe sends projections to fastigial n. and vestibular n.
  • Vestibular n. sends a descending vestibulospinal tract and an ascending MLF (eye movements)
40
Q

Main points about lesion location?

A
  1. produce symptoms ipsilateral to lesion

2. posterior vermis and flocullonodular lobe lesions affect trunk and eye movements.

41
Q

Clinical tests for cerebellar ataxia

A

Rapid movements:

  • finger-to-nose
  • heel-to shin
  • Rebound and check reflex
  • speech
  • tandem walking
42
Q

Dysmetria

A

undershooting or overshooting target.

incorrect movement amplitude (finger to nose)

43
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

difficulty with rapid alternating movements

44
Q

other symptoms of cerebellar ataxia

A
  • decreased muscle tone (floppiness ipsilateral to lesion)
  • Intention tremor (at the end of a movement)
  • Scanning or explode speech – irregular rhythm or volume
  • Abnormal eye movements
45
Q

Flocculonodular lobe (Vestibulocerebellar) syndrome

A
  • Truncal ataxia
    • reeling of trunk from side to side
  • Titubation- tremor of the trunk
  • patients walk with a wide base of support
  • abnormal eye movements.
46
Q

testing for vestibulocerebellar syndrome

A

station (position in standing still with eyes open)

walking

Tandem gait

47
Q

Anterior lobe syndrome

A

– anterior lobe of cerebellar cortex.

–deficits that mainly affect lower extremity usually bilaterally.

  • ingestion of toxin (ethanol or other)
    • alchololism

-broad-based, staggering gait

48
Q

What complications would you see in a tonsil hernia?

A

Cerebellum is also in posterior fossa

Chiari I:
-compression of medulla (respiratory center) and upper spinal cord

  • compression of cerebellum
    • trunk problems if compression is midline.
  • disruption of CSF flow through foramen magnum
49
Q

What complications/ signs would you see with significant herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis and lower brainstem through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis?

A

Chiari II: Meningomyocele

50
Q

Blood supply to cerebellum?

A
  • Posterior infereior cerebellar artery (PICA)
  • Anterior infereior cerebellar artery (AICA)
  • Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

Neurology 1- M2 (22 decks)

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