07 Carbs Digestion

Question 1

When asked about digestion you think …….

Answer 1

Enzymes

Question 2

When asked about absorption you think ……

Answer 2

Transporters

Question 3

1st grout of wnzymes to work in carbs is……..

Answer 3

Amylase

Question 4

2nd group of enzymes ro work in carbs difestion is ……

Answer 4

Disaccharides

Question 5

Carbs are the major source of …….

They provde About ……… of calories in the diet

Answer 5

Glucose

40-60 %

Question 6

1g of carbs = …….. calories

Answer 6

4

Question 7

What are th 3 groups of carbs

Answer 7

Simple carbs ( monosaccharides)
Disaccharides 
Complex carbs

Question 8

Purpose / goal of carbs digestion?

Answer 8

Break down complex carbs and disaccharides into monosaccharides to be absorped

Question 9

Are all carbs absorped?

Answer 9

No . E.x fiber is not absorped

Question 10

Amylase contains 2 types of enzymes …….. and …….

Answer 10

Slivary and pancriatic

Question 11

Slivary amylase is the first to work in ……… and it is produced in ……

Answer 11

Mouth

Mouth in serous cells of slivary glands

Question 12

Pancriatic amylase is produced/made in ………. And released in ……. To work there

Answer 12

Pancrias acinar cells

Small intastine

Question 13

Slivary Amylaze breaks down starch into …..

Answer 13

Maltose and oligosaccharides

Question 14

What is the enzyme that is sensitive to PH ?

Answer 14

Amylase

That is why it is inhibited in the acidic invironment of the stomach

Question 15

Where does carbs digestion happen

Answer 15

Mouth and small intastine

Not in stomach

Question 16

Why there is no carbs digestion in stomach

Answer 16

Acidic inviroment inhibits amylase since amylase is sensetive to PH

Question 17

What stimulates the release of pancriatic amylase?

Answer 17

Secretin and CCK

Question 18

What bonds does pancriatic amylase target?

Answer 18

Alpha 1,4

It is unable to break alpha 1,6 or terminal bonds

Question 19

Oligosaccharides and disavcharides are digested by ……… enzyme in the …….

Answer 19

Disaccharidase
Microvillus membrane ( brush border)

Question 20

Brush border enzymes are synthesized in ……….. and glycosylated in ……… of rhe entrocyte. Then trafficked to the apical membrane.

Answer 20

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Question 21

Why is disaccharisase enzyme glycosylated?

Answer 21

To protect it from proteolysis( digestion)

Question 22

When does full term of disaccharidase enzyme happens?

Answer 22

In delivary

So during gestation these enzymes vary

Question 23

Sucrase and lactase are …….. enzymes

Answer 23

Disaccharidase

Question 24

Sucrase appears in ………..: while lactase reaches normal levels at

Answer 24

About 20 weeks of pregnancy

3rd trimester/month

Question 25

Carbs which are not digested in small intastine goes to ……….. where …….. digest them

Answer 25

Large intastine

Colonic bacteria

Question 26

When colonic bacteria digest carbs, ……….. are released

Answer 26

Short chain FA (SCFA) like propionate, butyrate, acetate

These SCFA provide nutrition to colonocytes/bacteria which causes diarrhea and abdominal cramping

Diarrhea happens due osmosis

Question 27

How is lactase enzyme and lactose intolerance related to SCFA and colonocytes?

Answer 27

When lactase( a disacchridase) is deficient lactose can not be digasted. This causes increased osmotic load in small intastine and SCFA high production in colon

When this enzyme goes to small intastine. Bacteria digest it and it causees pain and diarrhea

Question 28

After digestion comes absorption then transportation to …..

Answer 28

Portal circulation

Question 29

Digestion and absorption are coupled, with the enzymess closley located in the …..

Answer 29

Appropriate transporters

Question 30

Glucose and galactose are absorbed in small intastine lumen through …………… then apsorbed again to get to circulation through

Answer 30

SGLT-1 transporter

GLUT-2 transporter

Question 31

GLUT-2 and GLUT 5 both uses ……

Answer 31

Facilitated diffusion

Question 32

SGLT-1 uses…….

Answer 32

Active secondry transport that needs ATP

Question 33

From intestinal lumen to inside small intestine cell, transporters of brush border do the absorption.
What are these transporters?

Answer 33

SGLT-1 ( absorpes glucose and galactose) and GLUT-5 ( absorpes fructose)

Question 34

From inside the small intastine cell yo the blood, other transporters continue the absorption. What are these?

Answer 34

GLUT-2 ( absorpes galactose, glucose and frucrose)

Question 35

If any problem happens in the transporters, the molecules will mot be absorbed. True or false?

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Fructose is absorped via …………….. by transporters ………..

Answer 36

Facilitated diffusion

GLUT5 and GLUT2

Question 37

Facilitated diffision utilizes a carrier protien to achieve greater transport rate than simple diffusion. True or false?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Ther is a debate about passive glucose absorption. Does it exist?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

Which disacchridases increase by carbs intake ? and which are not affected by the diet ?

Answer 39

Sucrase and maltase increase when carbs are high

Lactase production is not affected by diet

Question 40

What causes pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer 40

Cystic fibrosis, chornic pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction(tumor).

Due to decreased release of enzymes so inadequate/insufficient carbs digestion, which leads to malabsorption.

Question 41

Celiac desease( an autoimmune disease) is related to ….

Answer 41

Gluten intropathy

Question 42

What is celiac disease ?

Answer 42

Decreased villus length which means decreased absorptive capacity. Meaning disacchridase enzymes are less.
To heal, gluten free diet produces mucosal healing then disaccharidase deficiency goes away/abates.