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Biochemistry 3 > 03 Vitamin E & K > Flashcards

03 Vitamin E & K Flashcards

1
Q

What is vitamin E ?

A

Describes a group of fat-soluble compounds that contains antioxidant activities.

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2
Q

What are the 8 forms of vitamin E ?

A

Alpha-tocopherol
Beta-tocopherol
Gamma-tocopherol
Delta-tocopherol

Alpha-tocotrienol
Beta-tocotrienol
Gamma-tocotrienol
Delta-tocotrienol

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3
Q

What is vitamin E describe as?

A

Fertility vitamin and anti-aging vitamin

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4
Q

What is toco? And phero ?

A

Tocos=child birth

Pheros=to bear

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5
Q

What is the differance between Tocotrienol(T3) and Tocopherol(Toc) ?

A

T3 has unsaturated isoprenoid tail.

Toc has saturated phytyl side-chain

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6
Q

Antioxidants in Vitamin E protects the cell from…….

A

Free radicals ( also called reactive oxygen species , ROS )

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7
Q

What are free radicals/ROS?

A

Highly reactive and unstable molecules which are forms of molecular oxygen and they contain unpaired electron

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8
Q

Examples of free radicals/ROS ?

A 
Oxygen O2
Superoxide anion O2(-)
Peroxide O2(-2)
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
Hydroxyl radical OH
Hydroxyl ion OH(-)
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9
Q

What does ROS/free radicals do?

A

They will do anything to be stable. Like stealing electrons from cellular molecules which might damage the DNA and protiens(enzymes) and cell membrane.

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10
Q

Diseases ROS cause?

A

Cancer, cadiovascular disease, accelerated aging .

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11
Q

How does a human body get ROS ?

A 
Formed endogenously (inside the body) during metabolism. 
Exogenously ( environmental exposures) such as cigarette smoke , air pollution and ultraviolet radiation
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12
Q

is ROS produced in the body?

A

Yes. During metabolism.

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13
Q

To make a cell with free radicals a healthy cell we need ……

A

Antioxidants

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14
Q

Vitamin E functions?

A 
Regulating immune function
Maintaining endothelial cell inegrity 
Cell signaling
Regulation of gene expression 
Balancing normal coagulation ( blood going to solid)
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15
Q

What does alpha-tocopherol inhibit?

A

Alpha-tocopherol inhibits protien kinase C .

Protien kinase C is involved in proliferation and differentiation of smooth muscle cells, platlets and monocytes.

So it helps in diabetes mellitus , atheroscelerosis, inflamation and cancer

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16
Q

Normal leveles of vitamin E ……… arachiodonic acid release. Which ……….. prostacyclins which then ……….. blood vessles and ………. Platlet aggregation.

A

Increase
Increases
Dialates
Inhibit

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17
Q

High dose of vitamin E inhibits ……

A

Thromboxanes release

18
Q

Vitamin Edeficoncy is rare and a little amount is needed in the diet. True or false?

A

True

19
Q

High consumption of vitamin E in food doesnt cause damage. But, high does of alpha-tocopherol supplements can cause …………..

A

Hemorrhage.

So it interrupts blood coagulation

20
Q

What is vitamin k?

A

Group of naturaly occuring and synthetic vitamins that have coagulant properties.

21
Q

How many k vitamins?

A

4k vitamins

K1 (Phylloquinone), the plant form, and the only form available for
therapeutic use

Intestinal flora can also convert K1 into
vitamin K2 (Menaquinone), the animal form

Vitamin K3 (Menadione), artificially produced from K1, no longer used as it interferes with the function of glutathione.

Vitamin K4 (Menadiol).

Both k3 and k4 can be metabolized to K1

22
Q

Vitamin k works as a coenzyme for what enzyme?

A

For gamma glutamate carboxylase enzyme which is required for gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues of certain calcium- binding proteins

23
Q

Gamma carboxylation is essential for what ?

A

Gamma carboxylation is essential for the effective calcium binding and thus functioning of these proteins( calcium binding proteins)

24
Q

Vitamin K is reduced to what?

A

Vitamin k is reduced to KH2 by the enzyme reductase

25
Q

What enzyme is used to reduce vitamin k to KH2 ?

A

Enzyme reductase using NADH.

26
Q

KH2 is converted back to VITAMIN K after ……….

A

Carboxylation which again generates KH2

27
Q

Vitamin K is ..………….. into vitamin KH2 by the enzyme ………….. by using / converting NADH into NAD.

A

Oxidized

reductase

28
Q

Vitamin KH2 is ………….. into vitamin K by using …………………….. . Where an inactive protein like glutamate turns into an active protein like carboxyglutamate. CO2 is added

A

Reduced

Gamma glutamyl carboxylasr

29
Q

There are several vitamin K-dependent

proteins acting as anticoagulants, including ?

A

clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, X, as well as proteins C, S and Z.

30
Q

Examples of major vitamin K dependent_protiens

A

Cogulation factors and anti-cogulation factors, both are in liver, their function is to contribute to normal coagulation.

Osteocalcin(OC) ,in bones, function is to contribute to bne health

Matrix Gla protein(MGP), in Aorta and heart valves, function is to inhibit calcification in arteries

GAS6 , in aorta and brain, function is to modulate cell growth

31
Q

GAS6 ?

A

It is a vitamin k dependent protien
It is in aorta and brain
It modulates cell growth

32
Q

Matrix gla protien (MGP) ?

A

It is a vitamin k dependent protien
It is in aorta and heart valves
It inhibits calcification in arteries

33
Q

Osteocalcin ( OC)

A

It is a vitamin k dependent protien
It is in bone
It contributes to bone growth

34
Q

Coagulation factors and anti-coagulation factors

A

It is a vitamin k dependent protien
It is in liver
It contributes to normal coagulation

35
Q

How does clotting factors work?

A

Any injury to vessels triggers the release of clotting factors which activate prothrombin into thrombin, then thrombin activates fibrinogen which is soluble into an insoluble fibrin, these fibrin strands stick to platelets that gathered before because of vaso constriction, so when fibrin sticks to it, an insoluble clot will be formed

36
Q

What is Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB) ?

A

The deficiency syndrome is traditionally known as Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn. It has 3 types

37
Q

What are the 3 types of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB)?

A 
Early VKDB (0-24 hours after delivery).
Classic VKDB (1-7 days after delivery).
 Late VKDB (1-12 weeks after delivery).
38
Q

VKDB affects who more?

A 
▪ Preterm babies.
▪ Exclusive breastfeeding.
▪ Broad spectrum antibiotics?!
▪ Liver disease (alcoholism).
▪ Malabsorption
39
Q

Prophylaxis/prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB) ?

A

Because no screening test is available, it is
now common pediatric practice to protect all infants by giving vitamin K ORALLY (rather than intramuscularly) in the immediate perinatal period

40
Q

Is vitamin k toxic?

A

When taken orally, natural K vitamins seem free of toxic side effects.

The synthetic vitamin K, menadione, has
been associated with neonatal hemolysis and liver damage

41
Q

Clotting factors numbers?

A

2 7 9 10

Biochemistry 3 (9 decks)

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