07/01/25

Question 1

What are the borders of the axilla?

Answer 1

• Medially: chest wall and serrates anterior
• Laterally: Humeral head
• Floor: subscapularis
• Anterior: lateral border of pectorals major
• Fascia: clavipectoral fascia

Question 2

What are the contents of the axilla?

Answer 2

• Long thoracic nerve (of bell), derived from C5-7, at risk of injury during axillary surgery
• Thoracodorsal nerve and trunk
• Axillary vein
• Intercostal brachial nerves
• Lymph nodes

Question 3

What are the signs of hyatid disease?

Answer 3

• Seen in cases of Echinococcus infection
• Common in those who work with sheep or dogs
• Abnormal LFTs, eosinophilia
• Plain radiographs show calcified cysts

Question 4

Signs of a foramen of Morgani diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 4

• Anteriorly located
• Minimal compromise on lung development
• Minimal sings on antenatal ultrasound
• Usually present later
• Good prognosis
• Scaphoid abdomen

Question 5

Signs of a foramen of Bochdalek hernia?

Answer 5

• Posteriorly located
• Larger defect
• Often diagnosed antenatally
• Associated with lung hypoplasia
• Poor prognosis
• Scaphoid abdomen

Question 6

6 facts about the rectus abdomis?

Answer 6

• Arises from the pubis
• Inserts, into the 5th, 6th and 7th coastal cartilages
• It lies in the rectus sheath, which also contains the superior and inferior epigastric vessels
• Action: flexion of thoracic and lumber spine
• Nerve supply: ventral rami of T7-12
• Aponeurosis is deficient below the arcuate line

Question 7

Granulomas are organised collections of what cell type?

Answer 7

Macrophages

Question 8

To whom should you refer if a study participant suffers an adverse outcome?

Answer 8

The ethical committee that gave a favourable review to the study

Question 9

What is the recurrence rate in iliopsoas abscess?

Answer 9

15-20%

Question 10

What are the most common primary and secondary cause of iliopsoas abscess?

Answer 10

• Primary: Staph Aureus (haematogenous spread)
• Secondary Crohn’s

Question 11

Treatment of biliary atresia?

Answer 11

Roux-en-Y portojejunostomy (Kasai procedure)

Question 12

What is the most common cause of occlusion of distal anastomosis following PTFE graft?

Answer 12

Neo-intimal hyperplasia

Question 13

What are the 2 types of ductal carcinomas and what are the differences?

Answer 13

• Comedo type: associated with micro calcifications
• Cribriform type: multifocal, less likely to form calcifications

Question 14

What ligament connects the radial head to the radial notch of the ulna?

Answer 14

Annular ligament

Question 15

What are standard steps in the anterior approach for right sided adrenal surgery?

Answer 15

Mobilisation of the hepatic flexure and right colon

Question 16

What are the risk factors for tuberculosis?

Answer 16

Silicosis, chronic renal failure, HIV, soldi organ transplantation with immunosuppression, IVDU, haematological malignancy, anti-TNF treatment, previous gastrectomy