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RM > 06 > Flashcards

06 Flashcards

1
Q

methods that have been used to model how behaviors and mental states are realized in the brain

A

*
Lesion study
*
Functional connectivity
*
Dynamic causal modelling
*
Neural decoding

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2
Q

what is the unique information we get with brain stimulation?

A

causal information: What brain areas are PLAYING A ROLE in the mental states/behaviors interested

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3
Q

what is necessary for a causal inference from brain stimulation?

A

A temporary (recoverable) disruption of cortical activity when participants are performing a task (also named as “Virtual lesion”)

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4
Q

what happens once a brain region is disrupted?

A

a cognitive function is (largely) affected

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5
Q

what is sufficient for a causal inference from brain stimulation (assume an intact body)?

A

Activating an action/mental state by stimulating the brain area(s)

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6
Q

what does the causal inference do?

A

Creating a bias in the response

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7
Q

factors needed to consider for brain stimulation?

A
  • stimulation intensity
  • stimulation duration
  • inter-stimulation duration
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8
Q

what can great spatial specificity tell us?

A

which part in the brain is responsible for the cognitive function

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9
Q

what are the three factors to consider for brain stimulation?

A

*Stimulation intensity
*Stimulation duration
*Inter-stimulation duration

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10
Q

why do these three factors affect the two specificity?

A

Because stimulation accumulates and aggregates across time
* Therefore, (1) neighboring regions can be stimulated by the accumulated stimulations
* (2) the effect of stimulation can last longer than what it should be without the accumulation

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11
Q

excitatory stimulation protocol + excitatory brain area for the function =?

A

excitatory effect

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12
Q

inhibitory stimulation protocol + excitatory brain area for the function=?

A

inhibitory effect

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13
Q

excitatory stimulation protocol + inhibitory brain area for the function=?

A

inhibitory effect

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14
Q

inhibitory stimulation protocol + inhibitory brain area for the function=?

A

excitatory effect

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15
Q

how does the combination of protocol and target region determine the outcome?

A

jointy

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16
Q

what determines the outcome jointly?

A

the combination of protocol and target region

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17
Q

what is a typical experimental design set up?

A
  • The DV (e.g., accuracy in a task)
  • The target region
  • The stimulation protocol (type of stimulation, duration, intensity, timing)
  • The control region
  • The sham (Placebo) condition
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18
Q

what can be tricky?

A

the choice of control region

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19
Q

what does the sham (placebo) condition need to be?

A

“similar” enough with the real stimulation
Similar as in:
* Somatosensation
*
Sound
*
Coil position

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20
Q

in what way does the sham condition need to be similar?

A
  • Somatosensation
  • Sound
  • Coil position
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21
Q

what can sometimes be a good control?

A

Below threshold (very low intensity) stimulation

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22
Q

The better the temporal resolution, the better the technique?

A

Depends on the research question
* E.g., Clinical research about treatment to depression

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23
Q

what is invasive stimulation?

A

Neurostimulation involve surgical interventions to implant electrodes and a pulse generator

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24
Q

what are noninvasive brain stimulations?

A

Stimulation techniques that stimulate or alter brain activity from the surface of the head without the introduction of instruments inside the body or breaking the skin

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25
Q

what are noninvasive brain stimulations considered to be?

A

Considered to be safe and without long-term side effect (Bikson et al., 2016)

-> But highly dependent on the target region, intensity, and duration

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26
Q

what are the two types of invasive stimulation?

A
  • electrical brain stimulation
  • deep brain stimulation
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27
Q

what happens in electrical stimulation of the brain?

A

Volley of electrical discharges is sent directly to the brain regions of interest when the human subject is awake

Stimulate different brain regions and observe the change in cognition/behavior immediately

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28
Q

who are most patients of electrical brain stimulation?

A

Most (if not all) participants are patients that need to receive brain surgery

29
Q

what does electrical stimulation provide valuable information about?

A

Provided very valuable information to the development of human neuroscience
E.g., somatosensory homunculus in the primary sensory cortex

30
Q

what can stimulation to the same region with different intensities generate?

A

different phenomena

31
Q

what is needed to generate different phenomena by stimulating the same region

A

different intensities of stimulation

32
Q

what are the parts of deep brain stimulation?

A

IPG -> extension lead -> DBS electrode

33
Q

what are the advantages of invasive brain stimulation?

A
  • High spatial resolution (Knowing which exact region of your stimulation)
  • High temporal resolution (Knowing the exact timing of your stimulation)
34
Q

when is invasive brain stimulation applicable?

A

Only applicable to patients with brain lesions (ethical concerns)

35
Q

what are disadvantages of invasive brain stimulation?

A
  • Limitation in number of samples and paradigm choice
  • Problem of generalizability: Neural networks behind a function may differ between patients and general population due to neural plasticity ->
36
Q

types of non-invasive brain stimulation

A
  • TMS
  • tES
  • tFUS
37
Q

types of tES?

A
  • tDCS (Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation)
  • tACS (Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation)
  • tRNS (Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation)
38
Q

are noninvasive brain stimulation techniques safe?

A

Normally, they are safe (that’s why they are called non-invasive)

39
Q

under which circumstances can noninvasive brain stimulation be risky?(6)

A
  • Metal implant
  • History of seizures
  • Neurological disorder
  • Medication affecting the central nervous system
  • Pregnancy
  • Inappropriate protocol (Too high intensity, frequency, or too long duration)
40
Q

how is spatial resolution of TMS?

A
  • Highly dependent on the shape of the coil
  • A few mm for certain coil types
41
Q

how is temporal resolution of TMS?

A
  • Highly dependent on the protocol (intensity, frequency and duration)
  • Very specific if using the single pulse protocol
  • The effective time-window can be in tens or hundreds of millisecond (ms)
  • The effect can last for very long (e.g., hours or days) if repetitive TMS is used
42
Q

what is the pulse aggression affect in TMS?

A

Pulses may aggregate as the stimulation time increase

43
Q

how is the intensity of TMS?

A

Most of the time, intensity varies subject by subject
-> Individual difference in reactivity to TMS

44
Q

how to determine intensity of TMS?

A
  • Participant’s subjective comfort (MOST IMPORTANT)
  • The least intensity that can trigger observable change in the subject, then adjust based on the target region
  • Resting motor threshold: Stimulating the motor cortex with varying intensity until you observe a motor twitch in the contralateral hand with 50-60% of trials
45
Q

types of TMS (3)?

A
  • single pulse TMS
  • paired pulse TMS
  • repetitive TMS
46
Q

what is single pulse TMS?

A

Stimulating the target region ONLY ONCE for each trial

47
Q

what is single pulse TMS used for?

A

Used to study an immediate effect (within a second) after the stimulation

48
Q

what is paired pulse TMS?

A

Consists of 2 successive pulses through the same coil to the same location.

49
Q

what is paired pulse TMS delivered with?

A

a relatively short inter-stimulus interval (ISI) (from a few to hundreds of milliseconds)

50
Q

what is repetitive TMS?

A

Consistent of a chain of pulses with relatively long period of time before the experiment

51
Q

what is repetitive TMS used for?

A

Used to study a pro-long effect (e.g., 60 mins) after the stimulation

52
Q

spatial resolution of tES?

A
  • Highly dependent on the size of the electrode, usually between 25 and 35 cm2
  • With the cathode (return) electrode, it’s affecting a large area of the brain
53
Q

how can spatial resolution of tES be improved?

A

Can be largely improved with the high density tDCS

54
Q

temporal resolution of tES?

A

Highly dependent on the protocol (especially duration)
* tDCS for less than 3 min did not increase the cortical excitability beyond the stimulation period.
* Long tDCS can induce effects beyond the stimulation period (an hour or much longer)

55
Q

is the temporal resolution, dependent on the protocol, beneficial for clinical or research?

A

Maybe beneficial to clinical treatment, but sometimes a problem for researcher

Session contamination: stimulation effect in one session may still affect subsequent sessions

56
Q

what are both tDCS and TACS using?

A

electrical current

57
Q

what is the target of tDCS?

A

cortical excitability

58
Q

what is the target of tACS?

A

Brain Oscillations (synchronization of the neural firing) with certain frequency

59
Q

current use in tDCS?

A

stable across time

60
Q

current use in tACS

A

alternating (swinging) across time

61
Q

what is the purpose of tACS?

A

entrainment of neural oscillation

62
Q

what is the stimulation in tACS used for?

A

Using the stimulation to “reset” the onset of the oscillation of different neurons

63
Q

what is tRNS?

A

Similar with tACS, except that the alternating current is changing at RANDOM frequency

64
Q

what can the frequency band use in tRNS be divided into?

A
  • A full range (0.1–640 Hz)
  • Low- frequency (0.1–100 Hz)
  • High-frequency (101–640 Hz)
65
Q

what is the full range in tRNS?

A

(0.1–640 Hz)

66
Q

what is low frequency in tRNS?

A

(0.1–100 Hz)

67
Q

what is high frequency in tNRS?

A

(101–640 Hz)

68
Q

what is used in tFUS (Transcranial Focused Ultrasound stimulation)?

A

steerable ultrasound transducer array

69
Q

what happens in tFUS?

A

steerable ultrasound transducer array -> stimulation effects of movement quality

movement quality (e.g. tremor amplitude) -> adjust stimulation focus -> steerable ultrasound transducer array

RM (10 decks)

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