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Thera VIII > 05 Viruses and Diseases Part 1 Duncan > Flashcards

05 Viruses and Diseases Part 1 Duncan Flashcards

1
Q

What are the DNA viruses?

A

Poxvirus (smallpox). Herpes Virus. Adenovirus. Hepatitis B Virus. Papilomavirus

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2
Q

What viruses cause the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus. Coronavirus

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3
Q

What are some general characteristics of respiratory infections caused by viruses?

A

Frequently occur because of bacterial superinfection. Typically, short incubation period. Spread by infectious droplets (fomites)

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4
Q

What is Orthomyxovirus?

A

Influenza virus

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5
Q

What are the surface proteins associated with influenza virus?

A

Hemagglutinin: attachment to cells. Neuraminidase: cell detachment

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6
Q

What is Antigenic drift?

A

Small changes in cell surface proteins caused by one or a few point mutations

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7
Q

What is Antigenic shift?

A

Large changes in cell surface proteins caused by recombination between different flu types (e.g. H2N1 –> H3N1 in flu virus)

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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Influenza Virus?

A

Infection of respiratory epithelial cells. Cell function impaired. Immune response compromised. Interferon response. CTL response

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9
Q

What are the clinical manifestations from Influenza Virus?

A

Fever. HA. Muscle aches. Chills. Coughing

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10
Q

What does the Respiratory Syncytial Virus cause?

A

Single most important cause of viral respiratory disease in infants under 1 year old - almost everyone has been infected by age 2, but usually with no adverse consequences

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A

Paramyxovirus. Single-Stranded, non-segmented, negative strand RNA. Surface proteins: G protein, F protein

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12
Q

What is the epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A

Annually, in fall and winter. Affects a significant proportion of kids. Lasts 5-7 days. Spread by older siblings

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A

Bronchiolar and alveolar inflammation. Bronchiolar and alveolar necrosis

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14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A

Fever. Runny nose. Cough. Wheezing, sometimes

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15
Q

What is the prevention and treatment for Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A

Supervision. Hygiene. Prophylactic passive immunity - for babies with elevated risk of RSV with severe consequences. Synagis (palivizumab): humanized mouse monoclonal antibody: treatment for premature infants (< 36 weeks) with underdeveloped immunse systems. Treatment of children with congenital heart disease or chronic lung disease as well. Ribavirin (or IgG + Ribavirin) can be used in immunocompromised infants

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16
Q

What are the general characteristics of Adenovirus?

A

Over 49 different infectious types. DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA virus. Infects infants predominantly. Can become latent in tonsil or adenoids. In many instances there is no obvious infection

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Adenovirus?

A

Epithelial cell inflammation. Epithelial cell necrosis

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18
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Adenovirus?

A

Respiratory distress (cold-like symptoms, to pneumonia)

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19
Q

What is the prevention and treatment for Adenovirus?

A

No specific therapy. Vaccines, but of questionable value

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20
Q

What are the general characteristics of Parainfluenza Virus?

A

Paramyxovirus. Single-Stranded, non-segmented, negative strand RNA. Four subtypes. Hemagglutinin surface protein targets human cell receptor. Neuraminidase

21
Q

What is Type 1 Parainfluenza Virus?

A

Crop (young), pharyngitis

22
Q

What is Type 2 Parainfluenza Virus?

A

Severe lower respiratory disease. Significant cause of severe respiratory disease in the young

23
Q

What are the general characteristics of Rhinovirus?

A

Over 100 different infectious types. Picornavirus (same family as poliovirus). Single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus

24
Q

What do Rhinovirus cells need to attach to in order to infect bronchial cells?

A

ICAM-1

25
Q

What is the prevention and treatment for Rhinovirus?

A

“No” specific therapy. Pemciclovir - binds to surface, prevents virus-cell interaction

26
Q

What are the general characteristics of Coronavirus?

A

Minor cause of the common cold - 5-10% of cases. Single-Stranded, positive sense RNA virus. Receptor - ICAM (same as rhinovirus). Mild upper respiratory distress. No specific therapy available. SARS-causing Coronavirus: high [mortality/infection] ratio

27
Q

What are the general characteristics of Varicella-Zoster Virus?

A

Herpevirus. Large, double-stranded, DNA virus. Causes chicken pox in kids, shingles in adults. Following childhood infection, virus becomes latent in neurons (latency can persist into old age - Shingles)

28
Q

What is the epidemiology of Varicella-Zoster Virus?

A

Most prevalent in late winter to spring. 95% untreated children will get chicken pox. Highly infectious (contagious from 1-2 days pre-rash until all form scabs. Incubation period preceding overt rash: 10-20 days)

29
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Varicella-Zoster Virus?

A

Itchy rash (a few lesions, to hundreds). Blisters, which dry, and scab over, lasting 4-5 days. Fever. Malaise

30
Q

What is the prevention and treatment of Varicella-Zoster Virus?

A

Vaccine: a highly effective one is available (Varivax): vaccination is recommended for all kids between 12-18 months. Chemotherapeutics (primarily for immunocompromised): Acyclovir or Immunge globulin (from Ab-producing individuals)

31
Q

What are the general characteristics of the Measles Virus?

A

Paramyxovirus. Single-stranded, negative sense, RNA virus. Surface proteins: Hemagglutinin, F protein. Causes rash in kids

32
Q

What is the epidemiology of Measles Virus?

A

Affects primarily children. Highly infectious (contagious from 1-2 days pre-rash until all form scabs. Incubation period preceding overt rash: 10-14 days). Top 10 viral killer of youths worldwide

33
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Measles Virus?

A

Initially: Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, sore throat, HAs. Later (2-4 days): Macular, morbilliform rash, Koplik’s spots in mouth. Immunosuppression

34
Q

What are the long term consequences of the Measles Virus?

A

Encephalitis. Neurologic damage. CNS infection leading to (2-10 years later) subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (very rare)

35
Q

What is the prevention and treatment for Measles Virus?

A

Vaccine (highly effective: MMR) for all kids 12-18 months. Chemotherapeutics: Immune globulin, from Ab-producing individuals (primarily for immunocompromised)

36
Q

What are the general characteristics of Rubella Virus (German Measles)?

A

Togavirus. Single-stranded, positive sense, RNA virus. Causes German, or 3 day, measles

37
Q

What is the epidemiology of Rubella Virus?

A

Common in childhood. Only 30-60% infected kids develop detectable illness

38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rubella Virus?

A

First targets upper respiratory tract. Then spreads to distant sites. Disease is mild, non-specific. Maculopapular rash, lasts for ~48 hrs. Fetal infection occurs, with potentially severe consequences

39
Q

What is the prevention and treatment of Rubella Virus?

A

Vaccine (highly effective: MMR) all kids 12-18 months. No specific (chemo-) therapy

40
Q

What are the general characteristics of the Mumps Virus?

A

Paramyxovirus. Single-stranded, negative sense, RNA virus. Surface proteins: Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase

41
Q

What is the epidemiology of Mumps Virus?

A

Most common age of infection: 5-15 years of age. 30-40% infected kids do not develop detectable illness

42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Mumps Virus?

A

First targets upper respiratory tract. Then spreads to salivary glands; also kidneys. Can include rash. Potential complications (meningitis, encephalitis, nerve and spine infection). In adult males, orchitis can result

43
Q

What is the prevention and treatment of Mumps Virus?

A

Vaccine (highly effective: MMR) for all kids 12-18 months. No specific (chemo-) therapy

44
Q

What are the general characteristics of Parvovirus B19?

A

Parvovirus. Single-stranded DNA virus (+ and - strands). Cause of “fifth” disease. “Slapped cheek” rash

45
Q

What is the epidemiology of Parvovirus B19?

A

Common in young: 5-15 years old. Mild to undetectable illness

46
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Parvovirus B19?

A

Initially targets hematopoietic lineage cells (receptor: erythrocyte P antigen). Slapped cheek skin rash. Lacy reticular rash on trunk

47
Q

What are the potential complications of Parvovirus B19?

A

Maternal: fetal transmission leading to fetal death. Infrequent: medical oversight to monitor

48
Q

What is the prevention and treatment of Parvovirus B19?

A

No vaccine available (rarely necessary). No chemotherapy regimens characterized

Thera VIII (24 decks)

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