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Physiology > 04.06.16 > Flashcards

04.06.16 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the three energy needs for the body?

A

Mechanical work
Chemical work
And transport work

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2
Q

What does chemical work ?

A

Anabolism and catabolism require energy ( make up of the cells and tissues of the body)

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3
Q

What’s anabolic ?

A

Small molecules are assembled into large one.

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4
Q

What’s catabolic ?

A

Large molecules are broken down into small ones.

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5
Q

What’s mechanical work

A

Movement required muscle contraction

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6
Q

What’s transport work?

A

The active transport of substances around the body and required energy

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7
Q

What are he 6 forms of energy?

A 
Chemical
Electrical
Medical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear thermal
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8
Q

Gross efficiency = work output divided by what?

A

Gross efficiency = work output / total EE x 100

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9
Q

How efficient is exercising on a bike?

A

20%

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10
Q

What are the units of measurement for mass

A

Kg

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11
Q

What are the units of measurement for energy

A

Joule

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12
Q

What are the units of measurement for force

A

Newton’s

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13
Q

What are the units of measurement for power

A

Watts

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14
Q

What are the units of measurement for volume

A

Litres

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15
Q

How much energy do fat , carbs and protein provide

A

Fat = 9.1
Carbs =3.7
Protein = 4

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16
Q

What is 1 kcal in KJ

A

4.186 KJ

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17
Q

What is a MET and how many kcal is it ?

A

A MET is a unit measured to estimate metabolite cost of physical activity.
1 MET = 3.5 kcal

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18
Q

What is a bomb calorimeter

A

It’s a direct form of calorimetry

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19
Q

What does a low RER mean )

A

0% carbohydrate

100% fat

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20
Q

What limitations can happen during indirect calorimetry

A

No protein on RER

when RER are at 1.0 hydrogen irons accumulate in the body ( makes haemoglobing carry more co2 and less O2)

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21
Q

What are the reasons why RER would be above 1

A
  • high intensity exercise
  • glycolysis 100% carbs , accumulates hydrogen in the blood
  • buffering of hydrogen and bicarbonate increasing co2
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22
Q

What’s 1 watt in joules.second

A

1joule.second

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23
Q

Why a is hyperventilation

A

Over breathing

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24
Q

Hyperventilation affects RER how?

A

Results in higher RER

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25
Q

Explain the role of bicarbonate in causing a high RER

A

A RER of 1 increased the buffereing of hydrogen in he muscle by bicarbonate. Producing more co2. Which means Hb Carries a more co2 to the lunges than oxygen. Resulting More co2 expired

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26
Q

What are the three main physiological factors explaining endurance performance?

A
  1. High vo2 max
  2. Sustaining a high vo2 max without fatigue
  3. Exercise economy - vo2 required at a given absolute exercise intensity
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27
Q

Define maximal oxygen uptake (BASESdefintion)

A

Maximum volume of oxygen consumed by the body each minute during large muscle group exercise at sea level.

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28
Q

Explain the relationship of vo2 vs exercise intensity ( oxygen uptake change during incremental exercise)

A

Linear relationship then plateau

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29
Q

How lon will it take you to reach vo2 max at maximal speed?

A

4-10minutes

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30
Q

What are the norm values for vo2 max in males?

A

36-44 ml.kg.min-1

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31
Q

What are the norm values for vo2 max in females?

A

32-28 ml.kg.min-1

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32
Q

What are the norm values for vo2 max in world class long distance runners?

A

85ml . Kg . Min -1

33
Q

Explain the Fick equation

A

Vo2 = Q x A - vO2 difference

Cardiac ouput = stroke volume x HR
Cardiac ouput x the oxygen going in to the muscle and coming out

34
Q

4 determinants of oxygen delivered to the muscle

A

Blood flow
Cardiac output
Pulmonary diffusion
Haemoglobin capacity

35
Q

Three determinants of oxygen extraction

A

Mitochondria size and dentistry
Rate oxidative enzymes
Capillary density

36
Q

What are central factors of O2 delivery?

A

Cardiac ouput
Haemoglobin capacity
Muscle blood flow
Pulmonary diffusion capacity

CHAMP without the A

37
Q

What are the peripheral factors of O2 utilisation

A

Mitochondrial size and density
Capillary density
Rate-limiting oxidative enzymes
Glycolysis - PFK + LDH

38
Q

What two categorised described in the Fick equation are thought to limit O2 uptake

A

Central factor of O2 delivery

peripheral factors of O2 utilisation

39
Q

What is the most important limiting factor of O2 delivery to the muscles?

A

Stroke volume

40
Q

What are the 3 pre requirement for ATP resynthesis for oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. Availability of reducing agents for transport of hydrogen into electro transport
  2. Presence of O2 in the electro transport chain
  3. Concentration of enzyme and mitochondria to ensure reaction occurs
41
Q

What’s the system of expiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary diffusion
Transport of O2 and co2
Capillary diffusion

42
Q

What is the min ventilation (ve) equation?

A

Ve = respiratory frequency (rf) x tidal volume (TV)

43
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation per min

A

Minute ventilation (ve)

44
Q

What is the plural membrane

A

A membrane sounding the lungs

45
Q

What does plural membrane do?

A

Stops the lungs collapsing

Lubricates to reduce friction

46
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

Air in cavity between lungs and chest causing a collapsed lung

47
Q

what causes reduction of lubrication causing pain when breathing

A

Pleurisy

48
Q

What happens in inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts moves down
Thorax volume up to more then atmosphere
Air rushes into lungs

49
Q

What’s happens in expiration

A

Ribs and sternum move down

Diagram relaxes and moves up

50
Q

What is the pressure of pO2 and pco2 at the lungs

A

Po2 100

Pco2 40

51
Q

What is the pressure of po2 and pco2 at the muscle

A

Po2 40

Pco2 46

52
Q

What is the pressure of po2 and pco2 at the alveoli

A

Po2 105

Pco2 40

53
Q

Partial pressure =

A

Concentration % x total pressure

54
Q

What are the 3 main way co2 travels in the blood

A

Dissolved in blood
As carbaminohymoglobin
Joint with h2o and broken into h+ and hco3-, h+ travels on haemoglobin

55
Q

What % of co2 travels in the blood

A

7-10

56
Q

What % of O2 travels In the blood

A

2

57
Q

What may cause barrel chest appearance

A

Emphysema- lungs chronically inflate with air

58
Q

How does ventilatory threshold change from rest to high intensity exercise?

A

VE = Rf x TV

The combination of tidal volume plateu at 50% of vital capacity as well respiratory frequency increasing creates ventilatory threshold

59
Q

What are the border zones of hypertension

A

A blood pressure of 140/90 the value is only valid at rest

60
Q

Why would an increase in heart rate cause an increase in blood pressure

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

In relation to increased cardiac output during exercise vasodilation occurs to widen the blood vessels , allowing more blood to transport round the body

61
Q

How does resistance training cause increased blood pressure

A

total peripheral resistance increase
Cardiac output increase though hypertrophic around left ventricle

Muscle mass increases vasoconstriction that increase tpr

62
Q

What’s the problems with trying to measure blood pressure?

A 
White coat affect
Cuff size in obese patients
Heating problems 
Location brachial artery
Determining the nearest whole number
63
Q

What’s the white coat affect

A

The subject having anxiety/ anxious within the session showing hydrate sit in BP

64
Q

How does the body position effect blood pressure?

A

Gravity pulls down in your legs that decreases blood pressure causing hypotension ( fainting)

65
Q

What are the dangers of hypotension

A

Blood pooling
Poor redistribution of blood to vital organ
Poor venous return
Fainting

66
Q

Why would beta blockers help control blood pressure

A

They reduce heart rate and blood pressure

67
Q

What is the normal time interval between beats on an ecg trace

A

A resting hr of below 60bpm is bradycardia

A rate of above 100bpm is called tachycardia

68
Q

How long does it take for a normal Ecg reading from P-R

A

0.12-0.205 second

69
Q

How long does it take for a normal Ecg reading from QRS

A

0.06-0.105 seconds

70
Q

How long does it take for a normal Eco reading from Q-T

A

0.44 seconds

71
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood

A

Dissolved in solution 2% O2
Bound to haemoglobin 98%
Haemoglobin is a iron globular protein , increases the carrying capacity of the blood by 65-70 times

72
Q

Different stages of blood in ph regulation during an exercise above lactate threshold

A

1 defence at muscle
2 defence at blood
3 defence at carotid bodies which send info to brain

73
Q

Electrical stimulation pathways of cardiac muscle

A

Sino atrial node
Atrial ventricular node
Bundle of his
Pukje fives

74
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

The smallest functional unit of the myofibril.

75
Q

What are two sub categories of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic

Autonomic

76
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

Muscle function that bypasses the brain

Eg. Touching something hot and pulling away autonomously

77
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Made up of lots of muscle fibres

78
Q

What are the different histochrmicsl structural properties of a slow twitch fibre

A 
High myoglobin
High mitochondria
Low glycogen reserves
Small pcr stores 
High triglycerides
High oxidative enzymes 
Low glycolytic enzyme 
Low myosin ATP
79
Q

What is the all of none law

A

There is a complete response or no response, independent of strength of stimulus

Physiology (4 decks)

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