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IGCSE Physics > 04 Waves, Sound And EM Spectrum > Flashcards

04 Waves, Sound And EM Spectrum Flashcards

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1
Q

Transverse wave

A

Waves that vibrate or oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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2
Q

Electromagnetic waves can move solids liquid and gases in

A

In a vacuum

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3
Q

What type of wave is a transverse wave

A

Electromagnetic

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4
Q

Highest point on transverse wave - maximum displacement

A

Peak or crest

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5
Q

Lowest point on a transverse wave - minimum displacement

A

Trough

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6
Q

Examples of transverse wave

A

Vibrations in guitar string
S waves
Electromagnetic waves (e.g. radio,light, x-ray etc)

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7
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

Waves where the points along its length vibrate parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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8
Q

What does longitudinal waves transfer and not transfer

A

Transfers energy but not the particles of the medium

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9
Q

What do longitudinal waves move in and cannot move in

A

Moves in solids/liquids/gases
Cannot move in a vacuum since there’s no particles

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10
Q

Amplitude

A

Amplitude is the maximum or minimum displacement from the equilibrium

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11
Q

Wavefront

A

An imaginary surface representing points of a wave that are at the same point in their cycle

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12
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves passing a point in a second
- waves with higher frequency transfer has higher amounts of energy

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13
Q

What is frequency measured in

A

Hertz (Hz)

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave
Measured from one peak to another (metres)

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15
Q

Time period

A

The time taken for a single wave to pass a point

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16
Q

Waves transfer

A

Energy and information - without transferring matter

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17
Q

Wave speed equation

A

Frequency x wavelength

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18
Q

Frequency equation

A

1 / time period

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19
Q

Doppler effect

A

The apparent change in an observed wavelength and frequency of a wave emitted by a moving source relative to an observer

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20
Q

Describe wavelength of a moving car

A

Wavelength is larger to an observer behind the moving car
Wavelength is smaller to an observer in front of the moving car

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21
Q

All waves can be

A

Reflected and refracted

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22
Q

Light is part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum which includes:

A

Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray
(R M I V U X G)
- all these waves travel at same speed in free space

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23
Q

EM spectrum - long to short wavelength

A

Radio - microwave - infrared - visible - RV - xray - gamma

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24
Q

EM spectrum - high to low frequency

A

Gamma - xray - UV - visible - infrared - microwaves - radio

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25
Q

Colours of visible spectrum

A

Red orange yellow green blue indigo violet
Red has longest wavelength and violet has the shortest

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26
Q

Uses of radio waves

A

Broadcasting and communications
- used in wireless communication in radios and mobile phone communication
- because they can be reflected from the earths atmosphere

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27
Q

Uses of microwaves

A

Cooking and satellite transmissions
- at high intensities microwaves are used to heat things in a microwave oven
- because microwaves can penetrate earths atmosphere

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28
Q

Uses of infrared

A

Heaters and night vision equipment
- emitted by warm objects
- because they can undergo total internal reflection

29
Q

Uses of visible light

A

Used in fibre optic communication and photography
- human eye can see
- used for cameras since they can detect visible light

30
Q

Uses of ultraviolet

A

Fluorescent lamps
- can also be used to mark things fluorescently such as banknotes
- when some substances are exposed to ultraviolet they absorb it and re-emit them as visible light making them glow (fluorescent)

31
Q

Uses of xray

A
  • used to observe the internal structure of objects and materials including medical applications
    X-rays can pass through most body tissues but are absorbed by denser parts like bones
32
Q

Uses of gamma rays

A

Sterilising food and medical equipment
- gamma kills bacteria

33
Q

Effects of excessive exposure to microwaves

A

Internal heating of body tissue - damage to internal organs

34
Q

Effects of excessive exposure to infrared

A

Skin burns

35
Q

Effects of excessive exposure to ultraviolet

A

Damage to surface cells (sunburn) and blindness

36
Q

Effects of excessive exposure to gamma rays

A

Kills cells causing cancer and cell mutation

37
Q

Protective measures against microwaves

A

Ovens - metal walls and metal grids in the glass door

38
Q

Protective measures against infrared

A

Protective clothing like gloves

39
Q

Protective measures against ultraviolet

A

Sunglasses to absorb ultraviolet and prevent it from reaching eyes
Sunscreen also absorbs ultraviolet light preventing it from damaging skin

40
Q

Protective measures against gamma and X-rays

A
  • using minimal levels
  • radiographers wear radiation badges to measure the level of radiation exposure
41
Q

Light waves are what waves

A

Transverse - can be reflected and refracted

42
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A
  • sound waves
  • p-waves
  • pressure waves
43
Q

Reflection

A

When a wave hits a boundary between two media and does not pass through but instead stays in the original medium

44
Q

Refraction

A

A wave passes a boundary between two different transparent media and undergoes a change in direction

45
Q

Law of reflection

A

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

46
Q

Refractive index equation

A

Sin(i) / sin(r)

47
Q

Investigating refraction

A
  • place glass block (rectangular Perspex block) on sheet if paper and draw around it
  • switch ray box and direct beam light at side of block
  • mark on the paper a point where the ray enters the block, point where ray exit blocks, point on exit ray about 5cm away from block
  • draw where points are
  • draw normal line
  • mark angle of incidence and refraction using protractor
  • repeat procedure for different angles
48
Q

Investigating snells law

A
  • draw around glass block on sheet of paper
  • draw normal line
  • use protractor to measure angles of incidence
  • use ray box to direct beam of light
  • mark on paper point where ray enters block, point where ray exits block, point on exit ray which is around 5 cm from block - then mark them
  • repeat with next angles
49
Q

Total internal reflection

A

Angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
- incident material is denser than second material

50
Q

When is total internal reflection used

A

Optical fibres (e.g. endoscopes)
Prisms (e.g. periscopes)

51
Q

Optical fibres in total internal reflection

A

Used to reflect light along optical fibres, means they could be used for
- communication, endoscopes (used to see inside patients body), decorative lamps
- light travelling down an optical fibre is totally internally reflected each time it hits the edge of the fibre

52
Q

Prisms in total internal reflection

A

Used for periscopes, binoculars, telescopes, cameras
- prisms also were used in safety reflectors for bicycles and cards

53
Q

Periscopes in total internal reflection

A

It is a device consisting of two right-angle prisms that can be used to see over tall objects

54
Q

Critical angle

A

When the angle of refraction is exactly 90 degrees the light is refracted along the boundary

55
Q

Critical angle

A

Sin c = 1 / n

56
Q

Sound waves are what type of wave

A

Longitudinal - can be reflected and refracted

57
Q

Frequency range for human hearing

A

20 - 20 000 Hz

58
Q

Investigate speed of sound in air

A
  • use a trundle wheel to measure distance of 100m between 2 people
  • one person has 2 wooden block which they bang together above their head to generate sound waves
  • second person has a stopwatch which they start when they see person one clap the blocks and stop when they hear the sound
  • repeat for various differences
  • use equation s=d/t to calculate speed
59
Q

What equipment can display a sound wave

A

Oscilloscope and microphone

60
Q

Investigate frequency of sound using an oscilloscope

A
  • connect 2 microphones to an oscilloscope
  • place 2m apart using tape measure
  • make a large clap using two wooden blocks next to first microphone
  • use oscilloscope to determine time which clap reaches each microphone and the time difference between them
  • repeat 5 times and calculate speed of sound by using
  • s = 2m / mean time
61
Q

Oscilloscope

A
  • its a device that can be used to study a rapidly changing signal such as a sound wave/alternating current
62
Q

Oscilloscope

A
  • its a device that can be used to study a rapidly changing signal such as a sound wave/alternating current
63
Q

Investigate frequency of sound waves using oscilloscope

A
64
Q

If the frequency of vibration is high

A

The sound wave has high pitch

65
Q

If the sound is loud

A

There’s a large amplitude

66
Q

When light goes from more optically dense to less dense

A

Light speeds up
Frequency stays constant
Wavelength increases
Refracts away from normal

67
Q

When light goes from less optically dense to more optically dense

A

Light slows down
Frequency stays constant since colour of light doesn’t change
V = f x wavelength
Wavelength decreases
Refracts

68
Q

When light meets a surface at 90 degrees or 0 degrees to normal

A

Light goes through

IGCSE Physics (15 decks)

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