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IGCSE Physics > 03 Forces And Motion > Flashcards

03 Forces And Motion Flashcards

1
Q

Distance time graphs: straight line

A

Straight line - represents constant speed

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2
Q

Distance time graphs: the slope of the straight line

A

The slope of the straight line represents the magnitude of the speed

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3
Q

Distance time graphs: a steep slope

A

A slope slope represents large speed
Object is covering more distance per time

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4
Q

Distance time graphs: a shallow slope

A

A shallow slope means the object is moving at a small speed

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5
Q

Distance time graphs: flat horizontal line

A

A flat horizontal line menas the object is stationary (not moving)

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6
Q

Distance time graphs: changing speed

A

Represented by a curve
- if the slope is increasing the speed is increasing (accelerating) object accelerated from starting position
- if the slope is decreasing the speed is decrease (decelerating)

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7
Q

Distance time graphs: calculating speed

A

Gradient of a line
Change in y / change in x

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8
Q

Average speed equation

A

Average speed = distance moved/time taken

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9
Q

Practical: investigate the motion of everyday objects like a tennis ball

A

Independent variable = distance -> use tape measure
Dependent variable = time -> use stopwatch

  • measure a height using tape measure
  • drop tennis bal, which is the distance moved by object
  • use stop watch to measure how long it takes
  • repeat and take avg
  • use equation s=d/t

Errors - human reaction time 0.25 (use data logger), measurements taken at eye level, use light gate to measure time

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10
Q

Acceleration equation

A

Change in velocity/time taken

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11
Q

Unit for acceleration

A

M/s^2

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12
Q

Velocity time graphs: an increasing slope

A

An increasing slope(positive gradient) shows increasing velocity
Object is accelerating

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13
Q

Velocity time graphs: decreasing slope

A

A decreasing slope (negative gradient) represents decreasing velocity
Object is decelerating

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14
Q

Velocity time graphs: straight line

A

A straight line represents constant acceleration/velocity

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15
Q

Velocity time graphs: slope of a line

A

A slope of the line represents the magnitude of acceleration
Steep slope - large acceleration, object speed changes very quickly
Gentle slope - small acceleration, object speed changes very gradually

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16
Q

Velocity time graphs: calculating speed (acceleration)

A

Calculate gradient
Change in y / change in x

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17
Q

Velocity time graphs: finding the distance

A

D = v x t
For triangles 1/2 x b x h

(Area under graph)

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18
Q

What quantity is force

A

Vector - both direction and magnitude

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19
Q

Vector quantity

A

Has both direction and magnitude (size)

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20
Q

Scalar quantity

A

Has magnitude only

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21
Q

Describe the magnitude and direction of two arrows pointing in opposite directions

A
  • same magnitude (size)
  • heads show its going in opposite directions so the vectors are acting in the opposite direction
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22
Q

Final speed equation

A

(Final speed)^2 = (initial speed)^2 + (2 + acceleration + distance)

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23
Q

Friction is a force that

A

Opposes motion

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24
Q

If an object has a 50N force acting north and a 50N force acting south what is the resultant force

A

50N - 50N = 0N

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25
Scalar quantities examples
Distance, speed, time, mass, temp, pressure , KE, GPE, work done, power, current, resistance
26
Vector quantities
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight, momentum
27
Normal reaction force
When an object rests on a solid it feels a reaction force at 90 degrees to surface
28
Gravitation force
Also known as weight
29
Drag and air resistance
Always acts in opposite direction to motion Increases if speed increases Particles of air collide with the object moving through it and slows it motion
30
Friction
Acts in the opposite direction to motion
31
Thrust
Reaction force Occurs when mass is pushed out the back of something, causing it to move forward E.g. rockets, letting go of a balloon, jet engine
32
Upthrust
Can only occur in fluids, reason things float The more fluid the object displaces the greater the upthrust
33
Electrostatic force
Force between unlike charges
34
Tension
When a pull force is exerted on each end, tension acts across the length of the objects
35
Force equation
Mass x acceleration
36
Weight equation
Mass x gravitational field strength
37
Stopping distance
The total distance travelled during the time it takes to stop in an emergency
38
Stopping distance formula
Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance
39
Main factors affecting a vehicles stopping distance
- speed (brakes need to do more work to being vehicle to stop) - mass (the more mass the more distance it will travel as it comes to a stop) - road conditions (wet or icy roads makes brakes less effective) - reaction times (increases thinking distance)
40
Thinking distance and its main factors
Thinking distance is the distance travelled in the time it takes the driver to react to an emergency and prepare a stop Main factors: speed of car, reaction time of driver (human avg reaction time is 0.25)
41
Reaction time is increased by
- tiredness - distractions (e.g. using a mobile phone) - intoxication (e.g. consumption of alcohol or drugs)
42
Describe forces acting on falling object and explain why they reach terminal velocity
- initially thrust/weight is much higher than drag - so the car/person accelerates - as velocity increases drag increases - as drag increases the resultant force (thrust minus drag) overall decreases (f=ma) - so acceleration decreases - when drag = thrust/weight the resultant force is 0 - so the car/person travels at constant velocity - this is terminal velocity (final velocity the car can reach)
43
Velocity equation
Velocity = distance / time
44
Practical: investigate how extension varies with applied force for helical springs, metal wires and rubber bands (force and extension)
- measure the spring/band with no mass added with a ruler and record this initial length - add 100 g mass to the hanger of the spring/band - record the mass and extension of spring/band - add another 100 g - record new mass and extension - repeat until all masses have been added - remove masses and repeat again 3x - use equation w = M x g - plot graph with
45
Errors of force and extension practical
- wait a few seconds for the spring to fully extend - take measurements of the ruler at eye level to avoid parallax error - make sure spring doesn’t go past its limit of proportionality otherwise it stretches too far (no longer obeys Hookes law)
46
Hookes law
The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied, up to the limit of proportionality
47
Hookes law: if the force doubles..
.. extension will double
48
Hookes law: if the force halves
.. extension also halves
49
Limit of proportionality
The point where the relationship between force and extension is no longer directly proportional to
50
Which part of a force-extension graph is associated with Hookes law
The initial linear region
51
Elastic behaviour
Ability of a material to recover its original shape after the forces causing the deformation have been removed Deformation is a change in the original shape of an object
52
Elastic deformation
When the object does return to its original shape after deforming forces are removed - not permanent E.g. rubber bands, fabrics, steel springs
53
Inelastic deformation
The object does not return to its original shape after deforming forces are removed - permanent E.g. plastic, clay, glass
54
Directionally proportional
Linear and passes through (0,0)
55
What happens at limit of proportionality
Changes in shape are permanent and can’t return to (0,0) as we pass elastic limit Linear to non-linear
56
What doesn’t obey Hookes law and why
Rubber bands -> non linear
57
What doesn’t obey Hookes law and why
Rubber bands -> non linear
58
Gravitational force
Attractive only - affects objects with mass Non contact
59
Electrostatic force
Attractive or repulsive - affects objects with charge Non contact
60
Magnetic
Attractive or repulsive - affects objects with poles or magnetic materials Non contact

IGCSE Physics (15 decks)

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