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2021 Grade 8 NS > 04 Micro-organisms > Flashcards

04 Micro-organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Why micro-organisms are called “micro”

A
  • They are generally too small to be seen with a naked eye.
  • You need a microscope to be able to see them.
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2
Q

Name two instruments that can be used to view very small objects

A
  • A magnifying glass
  • A microscope
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3
Q

Even though we can’t see them, how do we know microbes are around us all the time (without microscopes, what evidence is there for their existence?)

A
  • They occasionally make us sick or get infections
  • They make food decay
  • Ferment foods e.g. cause bread to rise
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4
Q

The study of micro-organisms

A

Microbiology

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5
Q

Magnify

A

To make something appear larger than its actual size

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6
Q

An organism consisting of a single cell

A

Unicellular

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7
Q

An organism consisting of many cells

A

Multicellular

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8
Q

Types of micro-organism

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protist
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9
Q

Microbe depicted:

A

Virus

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10
Q

The micro-organism depicted:

A

Bacterium

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11
Q

When a number of bacteria live together in a large group they form a …

A

colony

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12
Q

The type of microbe depicted:

A

A protist

(Amoeba sp.)

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13
Q

A characteristic of the Protista that makes them different from plants and animals.

A

They include many unicellular organisms.

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14
Q

The type of organism depicted:

A

Fungi

(bread mould)

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15
Q

An example unicellular fungi

A

Yeast

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16
Q

Example multicellular Fungi

A
  • Mushrooms
  • Bread mould
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17
Q

How Fungi feed

A
  • They spread microscopic filaments called hyphae
  • Hyphae secrete enzymes (chemicals) that digest the food
  • The hyphae then absorb the digested food
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18
Q

Hyphae

A

The microscopic filaments/threads that make up the most of the fungus organism

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19
Q

How Fungi reproduce

A

Spores produced in a sporangium

20
Q

Why viruses are considered non-living

A
  • They do not carry out the essential life processes (nutrition, excretion, respiration etc)
  • They can only reproduce inside a host cell
21
Q

What makes bacteria cells different from plant and animal cells

A
  • They are very small and simple
  • They have no special structure (the nucleus) that houses the cells DNA
22
Q

Some organisms that are included in the Protista

A
  • Amoeba
  • Algae
  • Diatoms
  • Paramecium
  • Slime moulds
23
Q

A micrograph

A

A photograph of an object that is viewed under a microscope (i.e. magnified)

24
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis

25
Q

Cause of TB

A
  • A bacterium
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes
  • Droplets from the infected person carry the bacteria into others
26
Q

Symptoms of TB

A
  • A persistent cough (>3 weeks)
  • Coughing up blood
  • Fever and night sweats
  • Weight loss
27
Q

Managing TB

A
  • Doctors can test for it (e.g. X-ray of lungs)
  • Treatment is with a long course of antibiotics (>6 months)
28
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency disease

29
Q

Cause of AIDS

A
  • A virus
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
  • HIV infects the immune cells of the body destroying the immune system
30
Q

Effects of HIV infection

A
  • Initially the person has a fever and flu-like symptoms
  • These then disappear for some time
  • After some time (sometimes years) the person starts to develop infections that normally their immune system would be able to fight
  • Eventually, the person is very ill with everyday infections and has AIDS
31
Q

Treatment of HIV infection

A
  • Leading a healthy lifestyle
  • Taking ARVs (antiretroviral medication)
  • (There is currently no cure)
32
Q

Ways that HIV is transmitted

A
  • Unprotected sexual contact
  • Sharing hypodermic needles
  • Contact with infected blood
  • Transfer from mother to child (e.g. during birth and breastfeeding)
33
Q

Prevention of HIV

A
  • Avoiding activities that put you at risk of being infected
  • Getting regularly tested for HIV
34
Q

Diseases caused by drinking water contaminated with bacteria

A

Waterborne diseases

35
Q

Examples of bacteria causing waterborne diseases

A
  • Escherichia coli* - cramps and diarrhoea
  • Vibrio cholerae* - Cholera
36
Q

Escherichia coli

(E. coli)

A
  • A bacterium that lives naturally in our large intestines and normally keeps us healthy.
  • It digests certain foods and releases nutrients for us.
  • If ingested it enters the stomach and small intestine and causes cramps and diarrhoea.
37
Q

Cause of bacteria in the water we consume

A

Water bodies contaminated with faecal matter

38
Q

Prevention of waterborne diseases

A
  • Treating sewerage appropriately
  • Treating and purifying drinking water e.g. boiling and filtration
  • Washing fruit and vegetables with clean water
39
Q

Some ways of preventing infection

A
  • Wear gloves when dealing with body fluids such as blood
  • Practice safe sex
  • Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze
  • Wash your hands with soap and water
  • Boil or treat water for consumption
  • Don’t share personal items
  • Wash fruit and vegetables carefully
  • Keep food in the fridge or freezer to prevent microbe growth
40
Q

Vaccines

A
  • A medical preparation of weakened or dead disease-causing microbes
  • This trains the immune system for dealing with that type of microbe
  • This prevents a person from getting infected with this type of microbe
41
Q

Vaccination

A

Receiving a vaccine in order to prevent infection from those specific diseases

42
Q

Pasteurisation

A
  • A process of heating food or a liquid to kill most microbes (including disease-causing microbes)
  • This makes food safer for storing and consuming
43
Q

The scientist credited with the process of pasteurisation

A
  • Louis Pasteur
  • A chemist and microbiologist
44
Q

Uses of microbes by humans

A

To make many types of food

To make medicines

45
Q

Example uses of microbes to make food

A
  • Yeasts and bacteria to make bread
  • Yeasts and bacteria to make wine and beer
  • Bacteria and moulds to make cheeses
  • Bacteria to make yoghurt
  • Bacteria to make cocoa (i.e. chocolate)
  • Bacteria to make kimchi and sauerkraut
46
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • Substances that are produced by certain fungi
  • They can harm or kill bacteria e.g. penicillin
  • These are manufactured into medicines for treating bacterial infections

2021 Grade 8 NS (4 decks)

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