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ABSITE > 04 Immunology > Flashcards

04 Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

illustration of antigen processing and presentation?

A

https://www.dropbox.com/s/6g3zee05j7k3r17/Screenshot%202013-11-07%2000.29.54.jpg

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2
Q

what is the most abundant antibody in the body?

A

IgG

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3
Q

which antibody is for allergic reactions, parasite infections?

A

IgE

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4
Q

what are examples of type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

ABO blood incompatibility, graves’ disease, myasthenia gravis

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5
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

recognize and attack non-self antigens attached to MHC class I receptors (eg viral gene products)

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6
Q

what is type II hypersensitivity reaction mediated by?

A

IgG or IgM reacts with cell-bound antigen

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7
Q

what is the structure of MHC class I?

A

single chain w 5 domains

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8
Q

what do cd4 cells release?

A

release IL2, IL4

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9
Q

what antibody is responsible for secondary immune response?

A

IgG

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10
Q

what happens through the immunologic cascade when bacterial infections occur?

A

endocytosis by APCs (antigen presenting cells), proteins get bound to class II MHC molecules, go to cell surface, are recognized by CD4 helper T cells –> B cells which have already bound to the atigen are then activated by the CD4 helper T cells; they then produce the antibody to that antigen and are transformed to plasma cells and memory B cells.

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11
Q

where are MHC class I cells located?

A

all nucleated cells

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12
Q

what does IL2 do?

A

causes maturation of cytotoxic T cells

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13
Q

what is type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by?

A

antigen stimulation of previously sensitized T cells.

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14
Q

what is type I hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

eosinophils have IgE receptors for antigen and they release major basic protein

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15
Q

what does MBP activate and eventually cause release of what?

A

activates mast cells and basophils, and releases histamine, serotonin, bradykinin

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16
Q

what are the types of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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17
Q

what is the initial antibody made after exposure to antigen?

A

IgM

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18
Q

what is the cell cascade when a pt gets a viral infection?

A

endogenous viral proteins produced, are bound to class I MHC, go to cell surface, recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

what are the types of MHC classes?

A

MHC class I (A,B, and C) and class II (DR, DP, DQ)

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20
Q

what are examples of type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

bee stings, peanuts, hay fever

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21
Q

what do suppressor T cells do?

A

regulate CD4 and CD8 cells

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22
Q

where are MHC class II cells located?

A

antigen-presenting cells (monocytes, dendrites)

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23
Q

how do you test cell-mediated immunity?

A

intradermal skin test (ie TB skin test)

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24
Q

what type of infections are associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity?

A

intracellular pathogens (TB, viruses)

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25
Q

which antibodies fix complement?

A

IgM and IgG. They require 2 IgGs or 1 IgM

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26
Q

what does IL4 do?

A

causes B-cell maturation into plasma cells

27
Q

what kind of hypersensitivity is CD4 involved in?

A

delayed-typed hypersensitivity

28
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

secrete antibodies

29
Q

describe T and B cell activation through illustration.

A

https://www.dropbox.com/s/sogscx8m9wrjqnt/Screenshot%202013-11-07%2000.34.36.jpg

30
Q

what is MHC class I function?

A

target for cytotoxic T cells (CD8). they bind T-cell receptor

31
Q

what are the types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A

I: immediate hypersensitivity reaction (allergic)
II: antibody mediated hypersensitivity reaction
III: immune complex deposition hypersensitivity reaction
IV: delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction

32
Q

what is special about NK cells?

A

not restricted by MHC, do not require previous exposure, do not require antigen presentation. Not considered T or B cells

33
Q

what is the name of CD4 cells?

A

helper T cells

34
Q

what do MHC class II do?

A

activate helper T (CD4) cells by binding T cell receptor and stimulates antibody formation after interaction w B cell surface IgM

35
Q

why are T cells called T cells and B cells called B?

A

Thymus and Bone

36
Q

what type of cells are part of the body’s natural immunosurveillance for cancer?

A

NK cells

37
Q

what is the structure of MHC class II?

A

2 chains w 4 domains each

38
Q

what are the types of CD8 cells?

A

suppressor T cels and cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

what cells do natural killer cells recognize?

A

cells that LACK self-MHC

40
Q

which antibody is a membrane-bound receptor on B cells, serving as an antigen receptor?

A

IgD

41
Q

what are examples of type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

serum sickness, SLE

42
Q

what makes B cells become plasma cells?

A

IL4 from T cells

43
Q

what is type III hypersensitivity reaction mediated by?

A

immune complex deposition

44
Q

which antibody gives newborn protection by crossing through placenta?

A

IgG

45
Q

what antibody is found in secretions? where else is it found?

A

IgA. found in peyer’s patches in gut, breast milk (for newborns), prevents microbial adherence and invasion in gut.

46
Q

what is delayed type hypersensitivity?

A

brings in inflammatory cells by chemokine secretion

47
Q

what part of the antibody is recognized by PMNs and macrophages?

A

constant region

48
Q

which antibodies are opsonins?

A

IgM and IgG

49
Q

what is the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies?

A

polyclonal has multiple binding sites to the antigen at multiple epitopes. monoclonal has only 1 binding site to 1 epitope

50
Q

what is the largest antibody?

A

IgM. Has 5 domains (10 binding sites)

51
Q

what part of the antibody does antigen recognition?

A

variable region

52
Q

when do you give tetanus immune globulin?

A

give only with tetanus-prone wounds in pts who have not been immunized or if immunization status is unknown

53
Q

what cell is the major source of histamine in the tissue?

A

mast cell

54
Q

what is an immunologic chimera?

A

2 different cell lines in one individual (eg bone marrow transplant pts)

55
Q

what are examples of delayed-typed hypersensitivity reaction?

A

TB skin test (PPD), contact dermatitis

56
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen and lymph nodes

57
Q

what are tetanus prone wounds?

A

(> 6 hrs old, obvious contamination and devitalized tissue; crush, burn, frostbite, or missile injuries

58
Q

what cytokine has shown success for melanoma?

A

IL-2

59
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

liver, bone, thymus

60
Q

what cell is the major source of histamine in the blood?

A

basophils

61
Q

what does IL2 do to tumors?

A

converts lymphocytes to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells by enhancing their immune response to tumor

62
Q

what cytokine converts lymphocytes to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes?

A

IL-2

63
Q

when do you give tetanus toxoid?

A

in non tetanus prone wounds: only if pt has received < 3 doses or tetanus status is unknown

in tetanus prone wounds: always give tetanus toxoid unless >= 3 doses and it has been < 5 years since last booster

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