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BIOSCI 107 > (04) Composition and Features of Blood > Flashcards

(04) Composition and Features of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

describe the arterial and venous systems of blood circulation

A

LEFT ventricle pumps oxygenated blood forcefully through aorta around body via arterial system - thicker walls
Venous system takes blood from tissue back to RIGHT atrium of heart via vena cava
(has valves which prevents blood from flowing back)

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2
Q

blood pressure ensures…

A

even / efficient flow through small capillaries
prevents capillary leakage, but high enough to avoid coagulation

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3
Q

name the six major components of blood

A

Cells
Proteins
Lipids
Electrolytes
Vitamins / hormones
Glucose

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4
Q

name and briefly describe the three major types of cells in blood

A

erythroid = RBC
myeloid = innate immunity, typically neutrophils
lymphocytes = B / T cells

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5
Q

name the three main types of proteins that constitute 80% of total protein in blood

A

albumin - keeps the state of blood in the right condition
haemoglobin - protein responsible for O2 transport
fibrinogen - involved in blood clotting

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6
Q

describe the process of blood clotting

A

fibrinogen protein exists as a stable protein in blood
cascade –> enzymatic cleavage of fibrinogen into FIBRIN
fibrin subunits coalesce together to form blood clot

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7
Q

what are immunoglobulins?

A

the proteins making up the adaptive humoral (fluid, soluble) response
provides you with immunity

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8
Q

how to lipids exist in blood and what are the main types?

A

usually bound in lipoproteins
High density, Low and Very Low (HDL, LDL, VLDL)
use ratios of these to measure risk of coronary thrombosis (heart disease)

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9
Q

pH of blood, how is it regulated?

A

7.4
carbonate ions (electrolytes) keep pH balanced

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10
Q

what is isotonicity

A

maintenance of salt balance inside and outside tissue to ensure there is no water leakage

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11
Q

role of Mg++ and K+ electrolytes in blood

A

regulates the heart
K+ is kept at almost exactly the right concentration - slight deviation causes arrhythmia

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12
Q

centrifugation of blood - components

A

RBC
Buffy coat - WBC + platelets
Plasma - opaque

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13
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

donut shaped blood cell that transports oxygen / CO2
makes up most of blood
NO nucleus

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14
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

found in the buffy layer
involved in immune defence

(note: neutrophils and lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte)

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15
Q

describe platelets

A

very small - a 10th/50th the size of a leukocyte, x3 size of erythrocytes
tissue repair - first responders in clotting

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16
Q

what is serum?

A

blood plasma without the clotting factors
less viscous yellow liquid
fibrinogen is ABSENT because it has formed the insoluble fibrin clot + removed

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17
Q

what is electrophoresis?

A

a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on SIZE and ELECTRIC CHARGE using an electrical current

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18
Q

what are one of the uses of electrophoresis?

A

to determine whether somebody has multiple myeloma (a type of bone cancer)

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19
Q

what is the role of the blood protein Albumin?

A

maintains COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE of blood (basically same pressure as tissue so no water leak)
constitutes 50% of total blood protein

also maintains viscosity

binds small molecules

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20
Q

what does the bioavailability of drugs refer to?

A

albumin is the main binder of small molecules / hormones / drugs
the ability of those drugs to be RELEASED from albumin that determines bioavailability

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21
Q

what is fibrinogen responsible for?

A

blood coagulation
activated through coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin

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22
Q

name some major blood proteins

A

albumin
fibrinogen
haemoglobin
immunoglobins
complement
coagulation factors

23
Q

what are immunoglobins?

A

a very diverse repertoire of antibodies produced by B lymphocytes

24
Q

what is the complement?

A

9 proteins - involved in opsonisation
part of the innate immune response

25
Q

describe the process of opsonisation

A

the process by which foreign particles are labelled for phagocytosis

9 proteins (complement) usually inert, but when exposed to foreign surface, reacts immediately
cleaved –> cascade
produces active proteins that bind to surface of bacteria so the immune system can recognise and destroy them

26
Q

what are the coagulation factors?

A

13 proteins cleaned in cascade resulting in
fibrinogen –> fibrin

27
Q

name the ion that is essential to coagulation

A

Ca++
regulates coagulation pathway
can stop coagulation by adding something that removes Ca++

28
Q

what is the stem cell that all blood originates from

A

multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
or Hemocytoblast

29
Q

what does the hematopoetic stem cell divide into

A

the common myeloid and lymphoid progenitors

30
Q

which progenitor gives rise to the cells involved in the innate immune system?

A

the myeloid progenitor
(Myeloblasts give rise to basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes etc)

31
Q

which progenitor gives rise to the cells involved in the adaptive response system?

A

the lymphoid progenitor, produces lymphocytes –> B and T cells

32
Q

what is CD34+?

A

CD34 is a surface antigen marker on Hematopoietic stem cells

33
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

the formation of blood cellular components

34
Q

name three factors that drive haematopoiesis

A

GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
EPO: Erythropoietin
G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

35
Q

what is GM-CSF?

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
produced by macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

stimulates the production of neutro/eosino/basophils and monocytes

36
Q

what is EPO and what does it do?

A

erythropoietin
drives the production of erythrocytes

a way to drive RBC to increase O2 capacity (athletes use it to cheat)

produced mainly by the kidney (adulthood, liver in perinatal)

37
Q

what is G-CSF and what does it do?

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
produced by many different types of cells

stimulates production of granulocytes
acts to mature neutrophils

38
Q

how does a lung alveolus facilitate the transport of gases?

A

capillary network covers surface of alveolus
pulmonary arteriole brings flow of oxygen-depleted blood to the surface for exchange, pulmonary venule brings oxygenated blood back to heart

39
Q

what are the main parts of haemoglobin

A

four heme group lobes with a porphyrin ring with a ferrous ion in the middle which binds O2
exchanges due to concentration difference

40
Q

name the three pathways by which the complement system can be activated

A

the classical pathway
the alternative pathway
the lectin pathway

41
Q

describe classical activation of the complement cascade

A

initiated by antibodies binding to antigens on pathogen surface
C1 binds to the antigen-antibody complex
C2 and C4 break, C2a and C4b form C3 Convertase
breaks to C3a (attracts other phagocytes) and C3b (cleaves C5) fragments
C5b joins with C6, 7, 8, 9 to form membrane attack complex, makes hole in membrane and pathogen is destroyed by flooding with water

42
Q

how is the alternative pathway of the complement cascade activated?

A

C3 gets activated by directly binding to the pathogen
interacts with proteins: factor P, B, D
causes C3 to split and cascade continues same as classical

43
Q

what are lectins?

A

carbohydrate-binding proteins in blood that bind to unusual carbohydrates found only on microbes

44
Q

how is the lectin pathway of the complement cascade activated?

A

lectin binds to microbial surface
form complexes which cleave C2 and C4 and cascade continues as usual

45
Q

what type of bond do convertases make?

A

covalent bonds to the microbe - they are irreversibly bound

46
Q

what are anaphylotoxins?

A

the smaller fragments produced in the cleavage of complements that attract and activate other phagocytes (neutrophils)
eg. C3a and C5a

47
Q

what are the two ways the coagulation pathway is activated?

A

tissue damage - EXTRINSIC
contact with the right surface - INTRINSIC

48
Q

what is the common component in the coagulation pathway?

A

Factor X (ten)

49
Q

how does factor X activate the coagulation pathway?

A

Factor X cleaves to form the enzyme Factor Xa, which cleaves prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin is the enzyme that cleaves the fibrinogen to the fibrin to form a clot

50
Q

what enzyme do anticoagulants target to stop coagulation from happening?

A

thrombin

medicinal anticoagulants include heparin and wafarin

51
Q

what is one enzyme that digests fibrin and where is it usually found?

A

plasminogen
exists in an inactive form in blood

52
Q

what is plasminogen, what is it activated by?

A

a protease activated by tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or streptokinase

53
Q

what happens when plasminogen is activated?

A

when activated, plasma very rapidly digests the fibrin (THROMBOLYSIS)

BIOSCI 107 (22 decks)

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