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BIOSCI 107 > (01) Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

(01) Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Name the six structural levels of organisation

A

Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

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2
Q

Name the four basic tissue types

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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3
Q

Define “tissue”

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

define organ

A

structures with 2+ tissue types that perform specific functions

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5
Q

define system

A

a system consists of related organs with a common function

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6
Q

name the 11 body systems

A

Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic / Immune, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

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7
Q

what systems do the pancreas belong to and what does it do?

A

the endocrine and digestive systems
glucose control - produces insulin (endo)
digestive enzymes (exo function)

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8
Q

Two broad components of the integumentary system

A

Cutaneous membrane: epidermis, dermis (+ hypodermis)
Accessory structures: hair, nails, exocrine glands (sebaceous / sweat glands)

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9
Q

describe the epidermis (integumentary)
form + function

A

stratified squamous (fish-like scales) epithelium
protects (surface + tissues)
Vitamin D production

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10
Q

form of the dermis

A

located below the epidermis (the wavy dividing layer)
Papillary + Reticular regions
also includes hairs / nails (shared accessory structures)

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11
Q

functions of the dermis

A

feeds nutrients to the epidermis
thermoregulation
detects sensations

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12
Q

parts + function of hair

A

hair follicles - sensation from innervation
hairs - protection
sebaceous glands - lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

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13
Q

describe the hypodermis

A

stores fat
attaches skin to deeper layers

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14
Q

components and function of the muscular system

A

skeletal muscles; tendons and aponeuroses
translate contractile forces into tasks

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15
Q

describe the two types of skeletal muscles and their function

A

Axial - supports + positions the axial skeleton
appendicular - supports + moves brace limbs

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16
Q

what is a tendon

A

fibrous rope-like connective, muscle–bone

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17
Q

what are aponeuroses

A

fibrous SHEET-like connectives, muscle–muscle (mostly)

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18
Q

what are the components of the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, joints

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19
Q

what is cartilage

A

fibrous firm connective tissue that sits between joints at bone interfaces
(at the “articulating” surfaces of joints)

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20
Q

Function of cartilage

A

shock absorber
lubrication
keeps bones apart

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21
Q

Principle functions of the skeletal system

A

support + protection
bone marrow produces blood cells

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22
Q

parts of the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae (spine) sternum (upper chest, connects ribs), sacrum (hip bone), coccyx (tailbone)
+ supporting cartilages and ligaments

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23
Q

functions of the axial skeleton

A

PROTECTS brain, spinal cord, organs, soft tissues
SUPPORTS body weight over lower limbs

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24
Q

parts and functions of appendicular skeleton

A

limbs + supporting cartilages / ligaments
internal support

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25
Q

two types of blood marrow, whether they are found and what and function

A

red = RBC production, in FLAT bones (mostly axial)
yellow = stores of fat cells (mostly long bones)

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26
Q

what are hematopoietic cells?

A

an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells

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27
Q

what is a megakaryocyte and what does it produce?
How does it appear in a histogram?

A

a large bone marrow cell (also a hematopoietic cell), produces platelets
looks like a gap (triangular) in histogram

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28
Q

what is the CNS (and parts?)

A

Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal cord
= control centre

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29
Q

define PNS and its functions

A

Peripheral Nervous System
links the CNS with other systems / sense organs

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30
Q

what are special senses and what specific system are they part of

A

sight, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium
considered part of the Peripheral Nervous System

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31
Q

function of the brain

A

COMPLEX integrative activities
controls both the voluntary and involuntary

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32
Q

function of the spinal cord

A

less complex integrative activities
relays info to the brain

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33
Q

role of the nervous system

A

stimulates direct response to stimuli
produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities

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34
Q

function of the endocrine system

A

produces hormones to regulate activities

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35
Q

pineal gland

A

bean-like thing in the brain
produces melatonin - drives diurnal rhythms

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36
Q

role of the hypothalamus and pituary gland

A

controls other endocrine glands

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37
Q

where is the thyroid gland and what is its function?

A

sort of near the throat
metabolic control (and Ca levels)

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38
Q

describe the parathyroid gland and its functions

A

four little bean-like structures underneath the thyroid
Calcium control

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39
Q

What is the thymus, where is it located and what is it in charge of?

A

a gland in the upper chest, below the thyroid
maturation of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell incl T cells and B cells)

40
Q

where are adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidneys

41
Q

what are the functions of adrenal glands?

A

water + mineral balance (aldosterone)
tissue metabolism (cortisol)
adrenaline

42
Q

describe the function of the kidneys in the endocrine system

A

controls red blood cell production through the production of the hormone Erythropoietin
regulate blood pressure (by producing the hormone renin)

maintains balance of water + minerals (incl Ca)

43
Q

function of the gonads

A

sexual characteristics and reproduction

44
Q

list the components of the endocrine system

A

pineal gland
hypothalamus + pituitary
thyroid + parathyroidal glands
thymus
adrenal glands
kidneys
pancreas
gonads

45
Q

consequences of unregulated growth hormones

A

anterior pituitary releases GH via liver
too much from birth = gigantism
tumor in brain -> acromegaly = too much GH in adult

46
Q

Role of the lymphatic system

A

defense - immune responses
transport of lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells
(“sewerage system” = removes fluids leaking out of blood vessels)

47
Q

name the components of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels and fluid, B + T cells
Lymph nodes (incl tonsils)
Spleen
Thymus

48
Q

functions of lymphatic vessels

A

carries lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system

49
Q

composition of lymph / lymphatic fluid

A

water and protein (one source)
a/o lipids from the gut

50
Q

role of lymph nodes

A

monitor composition of lymph
engulf pathogens
simulate immune response
(they’re just small collections of tissues)

51
Q

role of spleen

A

stores + filters blood: recycles red blood cells
also monitors circulation

makes blood cells and antibodies = simulates immune response

like a large lymph node

52
Q

role of the thymus

A

controls the development / maintenance of T cell lymphocytes
(T for Thymus lol)

53
Q

two common lymphocytes + role

A

B and T cells
carry out immune responses

54
Q

briefly describe how the lymphatic system operates

A

blood plasma filtered from blood capillaries into INTERSTITIAL SPACES to become INTERSTITIAL FLUID
lymphatic capillaries absorb this fluid –> vessels –> nodes –> ducts to return to the cardiovascular system
closed pumping system

55
Q

where are lymphatic capillaries found

A

throughout the body
Except avascular tissues, the CNS, some of the spleen and bone marrow

56
Q

role of the cardiovascular system

A

transport of O2 and CO2
regulation of temp + water content

57
Q

components of the cardiovascular system

A

heart (pump)
blood vessels
blood

58
Q

types of blood vessels and role

A

Arteries
capillaries
veins

heart –> capillaries
diffusion between blood + interstitial fluids
return blood capillaries –> heart

59
Q

primary functions of blood

A

transport O2 / CO2, nutrients / hormones, waste
regulate temp
defence against illness (immune cells)
A-B balance

60
Q

Role of the respiratory system

A

transfer of O2 / CO2 between BLOOD and AIR

61
Q

components of the respiratory system in order

A

nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
DIAPHRAGM (separates thorax + abdomen)

62
Q

primary function of nasal cavity

A

filter air and detect smells

63
Q

function of pharynx

A

conduct air to larynx

64
Q

function of larynx

A

protects trachea opening
contains vocal cords for vocalisation

65
Q

form and role of trachea

A

cartilage keeps the trachea open
conducts air

66
Q

role of bronchi

A

conducts air

67
Q

function of lungs

A

air movement
gas exchange in alveoli
A-B control

68
Q

role of digestive system

A

digestion (of food)
absorption (of nutrients)
elimination (of waste)

69
Q

organs in the digestive system in order

A

oral cavity (incl teeth + tongue)
salivary glands
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine + anus

70
Q

role of oral cavity and salivary glands

A

breaks up food, lubricates + some enzymes

71
Q

what organ is part of both the digestive and respiratory system?

A

pharynx
conducts air to larynx in respiratory system
food and liquids to the oesophagus in the digestive system

72
Q

function of the stomach

A

churns
secretes acid, enzymes and hormones (but not part of the endocrine system)

73
Q

role of small intestine

A

absorption
with digestive enzymes

buffers and hormones

74
Q

role of the liver

A

secretes BILE - this is what dissolves fatty material
regulates nutrients in the blood

75
Q

role of the gallbladder

A

concentrates the bile
(flows here from the liver)

76
Q

pancreas role in digestive system

A

digestive enzymes
buffer

77
Q

role of large intestine and anus

A

water removal
waste storage + removal

78
Q

roles of the urinary system

A

urine production, storage, elimination

(kidneys: regulation of blood volume
assists in the production of blood cells)

79
Q

organs in the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

80
Q

role of the kidneys in the urinary system

A

forms and concentrates urine
regulates pH, blood volume + pressure

81
Q

function of ureters

A

conduct urine to bladder

(tube at the end of the kidney)

82
Q

role of bladder

A

stores urine prior to elimination

83
Q

role of urethra

A

conducts urine to exterior

84
Q

What is EPO, where is it produced, and what is its role?

A

Erythropoietin
a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the KIDNEY
signals for ethropoiesis in the bone marrow - causes more RBC production (blood can carry more oxygen)

85
Q

function of the reproductive system

A

production of sperm / oocytes (both gametes)
hormones for regulation

86
Q

male reproductive system organs

A

testes
accessory organs: epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra
external: penis, scrotum

87
Q

role of the testes

A

produce sperm and hormones

88
Q

roles of accessory organs in male reproductive system

A

epididymis + ductus deferens = sperm maturation + sperm from epididymis

seminal glands + prostate gland = seminal fluid

urethra = sperm to exterior

89
Q

role of external genitalia of male reproductive system

A

reproduction and thermal control

90
Q

components of female reproductive system

A

ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina + external genitalia

mammary glands

91
Q

role of the ovaries

A

oocytes + hormones
(also part of endocrine system)

92
Q

role of uterine tubes

A

deliver oocyte
location of fertilisation

93
Q

uterus role

A

embryonic development

94
Q

role of vagina and external genitalia

A

lubrication
sperm reception
birth canal

95
Q

role of mammary glands

A

nutrition for newborn

96
Q

what organ is part of the integumentary and reproductive systems?

A

mammary glands = modified sweat glands

BIOSCI 107 (22 decks)

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