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BIOSCI 107 > (01) Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

(01) Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Name the six structural levels of organisation

A

Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

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2
Q

Name the four basic tissue types

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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3
Q

Define “tissue”

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

define organ

A

structures with 2+ tissue types that perform specific functions

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5
Q

define system

A

a system consists of related organs with a common function

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6
Q

name the 11 body systems

A

Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic / Immune, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

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7
Q

what systems do the pancreas belong to and what does it do?

A

the endocrine and digestive systems
glucose control - produces insulin (endo)
digestive enzymes (exo function)

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8
Q

Two broad components of the integumentary system

A

Cutaneous membrane: epidermis, dermis (+ hypodermis)
Accessory structures: hair, nails, exocrine glands (sebaceous / sweat glands)

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9
Q

describe the epidermis (integumentary)
form + function

A

stratified squamous (fish-like scales) epithelium
protects (surface + tissues)
Vitamin D production

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10
Q

form of the dermis

A

located below the epidermis (the wavy dividing layer)
Papillary + Reticular regions
also includes hairs / nails (shared accessory structures)

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11
Q

functions of the dermis

A

feeds nutrients to the epidermis
thermoregulation
detects sensations

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12
Q

parts + function of hair

A

hair follicles - sensation from innervation
hairs - protection
sebaceous glands - lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

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13
Q

describe the hypodermis

A

stores fat
attaches skin to deeper layers

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14
Q

components and function of the muscular system

A

skeletal muscles; tendons and aponeuroses
translate contractile forces into tasks

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15
Q

describe the two types of skeletal muscles and their function

A

Axial - supports + positions the axial skeleton
appendicular - supports + moves brace limbs

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16
Q

what is a tendon

A

fibrous rope-like connective, muscle–bone

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17
Q

what are aponeuroses

A

fibrous SHEET-like connectives, muscle–muscle (mostly)

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18
Q

what are the components of the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, joints

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19
Q

what is cartilage

A

fibrous firm connective tissue that sits between joints at bone interfaces
(at the “articulating” surfaces of joints)

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20
Q

Function of cartilage

A

shock absorber
lubrication
keeps bones apart

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21
Q

Principle functions of the skeletal system

A

support + protection
bone marrow produces blood cells

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22
Q

parts of the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae (spine) sternum (upper chest, connects ribs), sacrum (hip bone), coccyx (tailbone)
+ supporting cartilages and ligaments

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23
Q

functions of the axial skeleton

A

PROTECTS brain, spinal cord, organs, soft tissues
SUPPORTS body weight over lower limbs

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24
Q

parts and functions of appendicular skeleton

A

limbs + supporting cartilages / ligaments
internal support

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25
two types of blood marrow, whether they are found and what and function
red = RBC production, in FLAT bones (mostly axial) yellow = stores of fat cells (mostly long bones)
26
what are hematopoietic cells?
an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells
27
what is a megakaryocyte and what does it produce? How does it appear in a histogram?
a large bone marrow cell (also a hematopoietic cell), produces platelets looks like a gap (triangular) in histogram
28
what is the CNS (and parts?)
Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal cord = control centre
29
define PNS and its functions
Peripheral Nervous System links the CNS with other systems / sense organs
30
what are special senses and what specific system are they part of
sight, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium considered part of the Peripheral Nervous System
31
function of the brain
COMPLEX integrative activities controls both the voluntary and involuntary
32
function of the spinal cord
less complex integrative activities relays info to the brain
33
role of the nervous system
stimulates direct response to stimuli produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities
34
function of the endocrine system
produces hormones to regulate activities
35
pineal gland
bean-like thing in the brain produces melatonin - drives diurnal rhythms
36
role of the hypothalamus and pituary gland
controls other endocrine glands
37
where is the thyroid gland and what is its function?
sort of near the throat metabolic control (and Ca levels)
38
describe the parathyroid gland and its functions
four little bean-like structures underneath the thyroid Calcium control
39
What is the thymus, where is it located and what is it in charge of?
a gland in the upper chest, below the thyroid maturation of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell incl T cells and B cells)
40
where are adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidneys
41
what are the functions of adrenal glands?
water + mineral balance (aldosterone) tissue metabolism (cortisol) adrenaline
42
describe the function of the kidneys in the endocrine system
controls red blood cell production through the production of the hormone Erythropoietin regulate blood pressure (by producing the hormone renin) maintains balance of water + minerals (incl Ca)
43
function of the gonads
sexual characteristics and reproduction
44
list the components of the endocrine system
pineal gland hypothalamus + pituitary thyroid + parathyroidal glands thymus adrenal glands kidneys pancreas gonads
45
consequences of unregulated growth hormones
anterior pituitary releases GH via liver too much from birth = gigantism tumor in brain -> acromegaly = too much GH in adult
46
Role of the lymphatic system
defense - immune responses transport of lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells ("sewerage system" = removes fluids leaking out of blood vessels)
47
name the components of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels and fluid, B + T cells Lymph nodes (incl tonsils) Spleen Thymus
48
functions of lymphatic vessels
carries lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system
49
composition of lymph / lymphatic fluid
water and protein (one source) a/o lipids from the gut
50
role of lymph nodes
monitor composition of lymph engulf pathogens simulate immune response (they're just small collections of tissues)
51
role of spleen
stores + filters blood: recycles red blood cells also monitors circulation makes blood cells and antibodies = simulates immune response like a large lymph node
52
role of the thymus
controls the development / maintenance of T cell lymphocytes (T for Thymus lol)
53
two common lymphocytes + role
B and T cells carry out immune responses
54
briefly describe how the lymphatic system operates
blood plasma filtered from blood capillaries into INTERSTITIAL SPACES to become INTERSTITIAL FLUID lymphatic capillaries absorb this fluid --> vessels --> nodes --> ducts to return to the cardiovascular system closed pumping system
55
where are lymphatic capillaries found
throughout the body Except avascular tissues, the CNS, some of the spleen and bone marrow
56
role of the cardiovascular system
transport of O2 and CO2 regulation of temp + water content
57
components of the cardiovascular system
heart (pump) blood vessels blood
58
types of blood vessels and role
Arteries capillaries veins heart --> capillaries diffusion between blood + interstitial fluids return blood capillaries --> heart
59
primary functions of blood
transport O2 / CO2, nutrients / hormones, waste regulate temp defence against illness (immune cells) A-B balance
60
Role of the respiratory system
transfer of O2 / CO2 between BLOOD and AIR
61
components of the respiratory system in order
nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs DIAPHRAGM (separates thorax + abdomen)
62
primary function of nasal cavity
filter air and detect smells
63
function of pharynx
conduct air to larynx
64
function of larynx
protects trachea opening contains vocal cords for vocalisation
65
form and role of trachea
cartilage keeps the trachea open conducts air
66
role of bronchi
conducts air
67
function of lungs
air movement gas exchange in alveoli A-B control
68
role of digestive system
digestion (of food) absorption (of nutrients) elimination (of waste)
69
organs in the digestive system in order
oral cavity (incl teeth + tongue) salivary glands pharynx oesophagus stomach small intestine liver gallbladder pancreas large intestine + anus
70
role of oral cavity and salivary glands
breaks up food, lubricates + some enzymes
71
what organ is part of both the digestive and respiratory system?
pharynx conducts air to larynx in respiratory system food and liquids to the oesophagus in the digestive system
72
function of the stomach
churns secretes acid, enzymes and hormones (but not part of the endocrine system)
73
role of small intestine
absorption with digestive enzymes buffers and hormones
74
role of the liver
secretes BILE - this is what dissolves fatty material regulates nutrients in the blood
75
role of the gallbladder
concentrates the bile (flows here from the liver)
76
pancreas role in digestive system
digestive enzymes buffer
77
role of large intestine and anus
water removal waste storage + removal
78
roles of the urinary system
urine production, storage, elimination (kidneys: regulation of blood volume assists in the production of blood cells)
79
organs in the urinary system
kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra
80
role of the kidneys in the urinary system
forms and concentrates urine regulates pH, blood volume + pressure
81
function of ureters
conduct urine to bladder (tube at the end of the kidney)
82
role of bladder
stores urine prior to elimination
83
role of urethra
conducts urine to exterior
84
What is EPO, where is it produced, and what is its role?
Erythropoietin a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the KIDNEY signals for ethropoiesis in the bone marrow - causes more RBC production (blood can carry more oxygen)
85
function of the reproductive system
production of sperm / oocytes (both gametes) hormones for regulation
86
male reproductive system organs
testes accessory organs: epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra external: penis, scrotum
87
role of the testes
produce sperm and hormones
88
roles of accessory organs in male reproductive system
epididymis + ductus deferens = sperm maturation + sperm from epididymis seminal glands + prostate gland = seminal fluid urethra = sperm to exterior
89
role of external genitalia of male reproductive system
reproduction and thermal control
90
components of female reproductive system
ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina + external genitalia mammary glands
91
role of the ovaries
oocytes + hormones (also part of endocrine system)
92
role of uterine tubes
deliver oocyte location of fertilisation
93
uterus role
embryonic development
94
role of vagina and external genitalia
lubrication sperm reception birth canal
95
role of mammary glands
nutrition for newborn
96
what organ is part of the integumentary and reproductive systems?
mammary glands = modified sweat glands

BIOSCI 107 (22 decks)

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