(01) Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards
Name the six structural levels of organisation
Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
Name the four basic tissue types
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Define “tissue”
groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
define organ
structures with 2+ tissue types that perform specific functions
define system
a system consists of related organs with a common function
name the 11 body systems
Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic / Immune, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
what systems do the pancreas belong to and what does it do?
the endocrine and digestive systems
glucose control - produces insulin (endo)
digestive enzymes (exo function)
Two broad components of the integumentary system
Cutaneous membrane: epidermis, dermis (+ hypodermis)
Accessory structures: hair, nails, exocrine glands (sebaceous / sweat glands)
describe the epidermis (integumentary)
form + function
stratified squamous (fish-like scales) epithelium
protects (surface + tissues)
Vitamin D production
form of the dermis
located below the epidermis (the wavy dividing layer)
Papillary + Reticular regions
also includes hairs / nails (shared accessory structures)
functions of the dermis
feeds nutrients to the epidermis
thermoregulation
detects sensations
parts + function of hair
hair follicles - sensation from innervation
hairs - protection
sebaceous glands - lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
describe the hypodermis
stores fat
attaches skin to deeper layers
components and function of the muscular system
skeletal muscles; tendons and aponeuroses
translate contractile forces into tasks
describe the two types of skeletal muscles and their function
Axial - supports + positions the axial skeleton
appendicular - supports + moves brace limbs
what is a tendon
fibrous rope-like connective, muscle–bone
what are aponeuroses
fibrous SHEET-like connectives, muscle–muscle (mostly)
what are the components of the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, joints
what is cartilage
fibrous firm connective tissue that sits between joints at bone interfaces
(at the “articulating” surfaces of joints)
Function of cartilage
shock absorber
lubrication
keeps bones apart
Principle functions of the skeletal system
support + protection
bone marrow produces blood cells
parts of the axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae (spine) sternum (upper chest, connects ribs), sacrum (hip bone), coccyx (tailbone)
+ supporting cartilages and ligaments
functions of the axial skeleton
PROTECTS brain, spinal cord, organs, soft tissues
SUPPORTS body weight over lower limbs
parts and functions of appendicular skeleton
limbs + supporting cartilages / ligaments
internal support
two types of blood marrow, whether they are found and what and function
red = RBC production, in FLAT bones (mostly axial)
yellow = stores of fat cells (mostly long bones)
what are hematopoietic cells?
an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells
what is a megakaryocyte and what does it produce?
How does it appear in a histogram?
a large bone marrow cell (also a hematopoietic cell), produces platelets
looks like a gap (triangular) in histogram
what is the CNS (and parts?)
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal cord
= control centre
define PNS and its functions
Peripheral Nervous System
links the CNS with other systems / sense organs
what are special senses and what specific system are they part of
sight, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium
considered part of the Peripheral Nervous System
function of the brain
COMPLEX integrative activities
controls both the voluntary and involuntary
function of the spinal cord
less complex integrative activities
relays info to the brain
role of the nervous system
stimulates direct response to stimuli
produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities
function of the endocrine system
produces hormones to regulate activities
pineal gland
bean-like thing in the brain
produces melatonin - drives diurnal rhythms
role of the hypothalamus and pituary gland
controls other endocrine glands
where is the thyroid gland and what is its function?
sort of near the throat
metabolic control (and Ca levels)
describe the parathyroid gland and its functions
four little bean-like structures underneath the thyroid
Calcium control
What is the thymus, where is it located and what is it in charge of?
a gland in the upper chest, below the thyroid
maturation of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell incl T cells and B cells)
where are adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidneys
what are the functions of adrenal glands?
water + mineral balance (aldosterone)
tissue metabolism (cortisol)
adrenaline
describe the function of the kidneys in the endocrine system
controls red blood cell production through the production of the hormone Erythropoietin
regulate blood pressure (by producing the hormone renin)
maintains balance of water + minerals (incl Ca)
function of the gonads
sexual characteristics and reproduction
list the components of the endocrine system
pineal gland
hypothalamus + pituitary
thyroid + parathyroidal glands
thymus
adrenal glands
kidneys
pancreas
gonads
consequences of unregulated growth hormones
anterior pituitary releases GH via liver
too much from birth = gigantism
tumor in brain -> acromegaly = too much GH in adult
Role of the lymphatic system
defense - immune responses
transport of lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells
(“sewerage system” = removes fluids leaking out of blood vessels)
name the components of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels and fluid, B + T cells
Lymph nodes (incl tonsils)
Spleen
Thymus
functions of lymphatic vessels
carries lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system
composition of lymph / lymphatic fluid
water and protein (one source)
a/o lipids from the gut
role of lymph nodes
monitor composition of lymph
engulf pathogens
simulate immune response
(they’re just small collections of tissues)
role of spleen
stores + filters blood: recycles red blood cells
also monitors circulation
makes blood cells and antibodies = simulates immune response
like a large lymph node
role of the thymus
controls the development / maintenance of T cell lymphocytes
(T for Thymus lol)
two common lymphocytes + role
B and T cells
carry out immune responses
briefly describe how the lymphatic system operates
blood plasma filtered from blood capillaries into INTERSTITIAL SPACES to become INTERSTITIAL FLUID
lymphatic capillaries absorb this fluid –> vessels –> nodes –> ducts to return to the cardiovascular system
closed pumping system
where are lymphatic capillaries found
throughout the body
Except avascular tissues, the CNS, some of the spleen and bone marrow
role of the cardiovascular system
transport of O2 and CO2
regulation of temp + water content
components of the cardiovascular system
heart (pump)
blood vessels
blood
types of blood vessels and role
Arteries
capillaries
veins
heart –> capillaries
diffusion between blood + interstitial fluids
return blood capillaries –> heart
primary functions of blood
transport O2 / CO2, nutrients / hormones, waste
regulate temp
defence against illness (immune cells)
A-B balance
Role of the respiratory system
transfer of O2 / CO2 between BLOOD and AIR
components of the respiratory system in order
nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
DIAPHRAGM (separates thorax + abdomen)
primary function of nasal cavity
filter air and detect smells
function of pharynx
conduct air to larynx
function of larynx
protects trachea opening
contains vocal cords for vocalisation
form and role of trachea
cartilage keeps the trachea open
conducts air
role of bronchi
conducts air
function of lungs
air movement
gas exchange in alveoli
A-B control
role of digestive system
digestion (of food)
absorption (of nutrients)
elimination (of waste)
organs in the digestive system in order
oral cavity (incl teeth + tongue)
salivary glands
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine + anus
role of oral cavity and salivary glands
breaks up food, lubricates + some enzymes
what organ is part of both the digestive and respiratory system?
pharynx
conducts air to larynx in respiratory system
food and liquids to the oesophagus in the digestive system
function of the stomach
churns
secretes acid, enzymes and hormones (but not part of the endocrine system)
role of small intestine
absorption
with digestive enzymes
buffers and hormones
role of the liver
secretes BILE - this is what dissolves fatty material
regulates nutrients in the blood
role of the gallbladder
concentrates the bile
(flows here from the liver)
pancreas role in digestive system
digestive enzymes
buffer
role of large intestine and anus
water removal
waste storage + removal
roles of the urinary system
urine production, storage, elimination
(kidneys: regulation of blood volume
assists in the production of blood cells)
organs in the urinary system
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
role of the kidneys in the urinary system
forms and concentrates urine
regulates pH, blood volume + pressure
function of ureters
conduct urine to bladder
(tube at the end of the kidney)
role of bladder
stores urine prior to elimination
role of urethra
conducts urine to exterior
What is EPO, where is it produced, and what is its role?
Erythropoietin
a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the KIDNEY
signals for ethropoiesis in the bone marrow - causes more RBC production (blood can carry more oxygen)
function of the reproductive system
production of sperm / oocytes (both gametes)
hormones for regulation
male reproductive system organs
testes
accessory organs: epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra
external: penis, scrotum
role of the testes
produce sperm and hormones
roles of accessory organs in male reproductive system
epididymis + ductus deferens = sperm maturation + sperm from epididymis
seminal glands + prostate gland = seminal fluid
urethra = sperm to exterior
role of external genitalia of male reproductive system
reproduction and thermal control
components of female reproductive system
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina + external genitalia
mammary glands
role of the ovaries
oocytes + hormones
(also part of endocrine system)
role of uterine tubes
deliver oocyte
location of fertilisation
uterus role
embryonic development
role of vagina and external genitalia
lubrication
sperm reception
birth canal
role of mammary glands
nutrition for newborn
what organ is part of the integumentary and reproductive systems?
mammary glands = modified sweat glands
