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BIOSCI 107 > (01) Connective Tissue > Flashcards

(01) Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

function of connective tissue

A

binds, supports, strengthens other tissue
blood = major transport system
stored energy reserves (fat / adipose)

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2
Q

features of CT, and exception

A

CT is not found on body surfaces
can be highly vascular
supplied by nerves

EXCEPT: cartilage - avascular + no nerves
tendons = little blood supply

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3
Q

CT “Equation”

A

CT = ECM + Cells

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4
Q

ECM “equation”

A

ECM = GS + Fibres

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5
Q

where do the protein fibres in ECM come from

A

protein fibres of ECM are secreted by the cells in ECM

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6
Q

What determines the functions of a type of connective tissue?

A

the structure of the ECM
eg. in cartilage, ECM = firm + rubbery
in bone, ECM = hard + inflexible

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7
Q

what three things make up GS?

A

GS = Water + Proteins + Polysaccharides (sugars)

like jelly! (gelatine = protein)

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8
Q

what are GAGS

A

glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides
= long unbranched polysaccharides (repeating disaccharide unit)

sugars found in GS

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9
Q

what is the structure of GAGs

A

long unbranched polysaccharides made of repeating disaccharide units
(many GAGs attach to a protein core with a glycoprotein head to make a proteoglycan which looks a bristled brush)
Polar and trap water

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10
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

protein + (sulphated) glycosaminoglycan (GAGS)

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11
Q

examples of sulphated GAG

A

dermatan sulphate
heparin sulphate
keratan sulfate
chondroitin sulfate

binds to proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs)

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12
Q

name one non-sulphated GAG

A

hyaluronic acid

does not bind directly (covalently) to protein backbone but joined to various PGs

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13
Q

how to glycosaminoglycans give the GS its form

A

GAGS trap water (like bottle brushes) to make the GS more jelly-like

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14
Q

what is hyaluronidase and what does it do?

A

an enzyme produced by white blood cells, sperm and some bacteria
breaks apart hyaluronic acid so the GS becomes more liquid + move more easily through it

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15
Q

what is hyaluronic acid and where is it found?

A

viscous slippery substance
binds cells
lubricates joints
maintains shape of eyeball

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16
Q

applications of chondroitin sulphate as ground substance

A

support + ADHESIVE features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

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17
Q

locations of keratan sulphate in GS

A

bone, cartilage, cornea of eye

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18
Q

locations of dermatan sulphate in GS

A

skin
tendons
blood vessels + heart valves

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19
Q

describe exophthalmus

A

protruding eyes as a result of autoimmune over-activation of thyroid
autoimmune action of fibroblasts in ECM of eye –> deposition of GAGS and influx of water

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20
Q

name the three different protein fibres found in ECM of CT

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

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21
Q

describe what collagen fibres in ECM are made of, look like, and where they’re found

A

made of collagen
thicker, parallel bundles
strong and flexible, resist pulling forces

most abundant type - common in bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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22
Q

describe reticular fibres - what they’re made out of, what they do, what they look like

A

collagen (fine bundles) with a coating of glycoprotein
made by fibroblasts

provide strength + support
forms part of the basement membrane

networks in vessels and through adipose tissue, muscle tissue, nerve fibres

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23
Q

describe elastic fibres - composition, appearance, functions, locations

A

protein ELASTIN surrounded by glycoprotein FIBRILLIN
thinner than collagen fibres, network
can be stretched 150%
skin, blood vessels, lung

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24
Q

what is Marfan syndrome

A

hereditary defect in elastic fibres - increase growth because Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFb) does not bind normally to fibrillin
(TGFb makes you grow - binding to fibrillin makes it inactive)

long lived tall people with weakened heart valves / arterial walls

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25
name two common connective tissue cell types
Fibroblasts Adipocytes
26
features, function and location of fibroblasts
migratory widely distributed in CT secretes components of the matrix (fibres and GS)
27
where are adipocytes found and what do they do?
Fat cells found under the skin and around organs store fat (triglycerides)
28
name four cells (other than fibroblasts and adipocytes) found in Solid CT
Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells Leucocytes
29
what are macrophages?
a type of phagocytic cell (white blood cell, immune response) capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
30
name and describe the two types of macrophages
fixed - reside in particular tissue wandering - can move around tissue and gather at sites of infection / inflammation to carry out phagocytosis
31
what are plasma cells, what do they do
small blood cells that develop from B-lymphocyte (WBC) secrete antibodies (proteins that attack and neutralise foreign substances)
32
locations of plasma cells
many CT sites esp. gastrointestinal + respiratory tracts salivary glands lymph nodes, spleen red bone marrow
33
what do mast cells produce
histamines (which dilates vessels)
34
what are leukocytes and how to they function
white blood cells not found in large quantities in normal CT, but in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissue
35
name the two classifications of connective tissue
Embryonic Mature
36
what is embryonic connective tissue?
formed in the embryo's development
37
name and describe the two types of embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme - gives rise to all other connective tissues. Mesenchymal cells + semi-fluid GS containing reticular fibres Mucous - widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in gelatinous GS, supports umbilical cord + foetus
38
Name three broad categories of mature connective tissue
Connective tissue Proper Fluid CT Supporting CT (both considered "specialised CTs")
39
name and describe the two types of CT Proper
Loose - fibres create loose, open framework many cells, few fibres Dense - fibres densely packed many fibres, few cells
40
name the three types of loose connective tissue
areolar adipose reticular
41
describe the structure, location and function of areolar CT
all three (collagen, reticular and elastic) fibres present widely distributed strength, elasticity, support
42
describe the structure, location and function of adipose CT
adipocytes for specialised storage of triglycerides as a large central droplet found with areolar CT insulation, energy source (white), temp control (brown)
43
describe the structure, location and function of reticular CT
network of reticular fibres and cells forms STROMA (supporting framework) of organs eg. liver, spleen, lymph nodes, BM, blood vessels and muscles binds smooth muscle tissue cells
44
name the three types of dense connective tissue
Regular Irregular Elastic
45
describe the structure and appearance of dense Regular connective tissue
shiny white ECM collagen fibres neatly arranged in bundles w/ fibroblasts in rows between
46
location and function of dense regular CT
tendons (muscle-bone) ligaments (bone-bone) aponeuroses (muscle-muscle) provides strong attachment between structures, withstands tension
47
describe the healing of dense regular CT
collagen fibres not living tissue = slow healing
48
describe the appearance / structure of dense irregular CT
collagen fibres arranges irregularly with few fibroblasts (looks like a slice of wagyu beef to me)
49
locations of dense irregular CT
often in sheets like fasciae, reticular of dermis etc (there are a lot more examples oop)
50
function of dense irregular CT
provides tensile (pulling) strength in MANY directions
51
structure of dense elastic CT
elastic fibres with fibroblasts between unstained tissue is yellowish
52
locations of dense elastic CT
lung tissue walls of elastic arteries vocal cords / trachea / bronchi etc
53
functions of dense elastic CT
allows stretching of various organs
54
two types of supporting CT
cartilage bone / osseous tissue
55
name three subtypes of cartilage
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage
56
what is cartilage
a dense network of collagen and elastic fibres protects joints and bones
57
prefix associated with cartilage
chondro--
58
explain the -blasts suffix
means "to bud or sprout" generally associated with immature cells blast cells undergo cell division and secrete the ECM that is characteristic of the tissue fibroblasts in dense / loose CT chondroblasts in cartilage osteoblasts in bone
59
explain the -cytes suffix
mature cells reduced capacity for cell division / ECM production mostly monitors and maintains ECM
60
what is the perichondrium
dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of most of the cartilage in the body
61
describe the structure of function of hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes contained within lacuna (empty spaces) shiny ("glass") resilient gel as GS (bluish white appearance) surrounded by perichondrium fibres not visible
62
what is the function of hyaline cartilage and where can it be found
most abundant weakest cartilage, but offers flexibility and movement respiratory cartilage - nose, trachea, bronchi anterior ends of ribs ends of long bones
63
structure of fibrocartilage
chondrocyte within visible thick bundles of collagen fibres within ECM lacks perichondrium
64
function of fibrocartilage
support + joining structures together strength + rigidity = Strongest type of cartilage
65
locations of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs pubic symphysis - hip bones join anteriorly portions of tendon that insert into cartilage menisci (cartilage pads) of knee
66
structure of elastic cartilage
chondrocytes in thread-like network of ELASTIC fibres perichondrium present
67
function of elastic cartilage
strength + elasticity maintains shapes of certain structures
68
locations of elastic cartilage
auricle (outer part) of ear lid on top of larynx
69
name and describe the functions of the two types of bone tissue
Compact bone - made up of the basic unit of osteons (haversian systems) stores Ca / P Spongy bone - lacks osteons, stores triglycerides (yellow marrow), produces red marrow (RBC)
70
name the four bone cell types
Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
71
define suffix -clast
a cell that destroys or reabsorbs
72
what are osteogenic cells
mesenchymal stem cells that start to lay down collagen becomes trapped and becomes osteoblasts
73
what are osteoblasts
bone-forming cells (forms bone matrix) lays down more collagen mineralisation starts
74
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells formed when osteoblasts become trapped in ECM maintain bone tissue exchange of nutrients / waste have gap junctions
75
what are osteoclasts
large, multinucleated, ruffled border formed from the fusion of blood monocytes (WBCs) breaks down bone, resorption (breakdown of bone ECM)
76
name the four components of the osteon
lamellae lacunae canaliculi central (haversian) canal
77
what are lamellae
concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness (eg. Ca phosphate / OH --> hydroxyapatite) and collagen for tensile strength
78
what are lacunae
"little lakes" small spaces between lamellae containing osteocytes
79
what are canaliculi
"minute canals" contain EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes radiate from lacunae = routes for O2, nutrients and waste
80
what is the central (haversian) canal
blood lymph nerves
81
cells involved with the healing of broken bone
osteoclasts reabsorb dead bone chondroblasts lay down hyaline cartilage callus osteoblasts lay down new bone osteoclasts remodel new bone
82
name the two types of fluid CT
blood lymph
83
composition of blood
blood plasma = liquid ECM FORMED ELEMENTS = RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)
84
role of erythrocytes
RBC - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
85
role of thrombocytes
platelets (come from megakaryocytic in red marrow) - clotting
86
name two types of leukocytes
granular and agranular leukocytes
87
name three types of granular leukocytes
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
88
name three types of granular leukocytes
monocyte T lymphocyte (T cell) B lymphocyte (B cell)
89
function of neutrophils and monocytes
phagocytic - they engulf bacteria
90
functions of basophils and mast cells
release substances (eg. histamine) that intensify inflammatory reaction
91
function of eosinophils
effective against certain parasitic worms acute allergic response

BIOSCI 107 (22 decks)

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