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BIOSCI 107 > (01) Connective Tissue > Flashcards

(01) Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

function of connective tissue

A

binds, supports, strengthens other tissue
blood = major transport system
stored energy reserves (fat / adipose)

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2
Q

features of CT, and exception

A

CT is not found on body surfaces
can be highly vascular
supplied by nerves

EXCEPT: cartilage - avascular + no nerves
tendons = little blood supply

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3
Q

CT “Equation”

A

CT = ECM + Cells

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4
Q

ECM “equation”

A

ECM = GS + Fibres

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5
Q

where do the protein fibres in ECM come from

A

protein fibres of ECM are secreted by the cells in ECM

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6
Q

What determines the functions of a type of connective tissue?

A

the structure of the ECM
eg. in cartilage, ECM = firm + rubbery
in bone, ECM = hard + inflexible

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7
Q

what three things make up GS?

A

GS = Water + Proteins + Polysaccharides (sugars)

like jelly! (gelatine = protein)

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8
Q

what are GAGS

A

glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides
= long unbranched polysaccharides (repeating disaccharide unit)

sugars found in GS

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9
Q

what is the structure of GAGs

A

long unbranched polysaccharides made of repeating disaccharide units
(many GAGs attach to a protein core with a glycoprotein head to make a proteoglycan which looks a bristled brush)
Polar and trap water

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10
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

protein + (sulphated) glycosaminoglycan (GAGS)

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11
Q

examples of sulphated GAG

A

dermatan sulphate
heparin sulphate
keratan sulfate
chondroitin sulfate

binds to proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs)

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12
Q

name one non-sulphated GAG

A

hyaluronic acid

does not bind directly (covalently) to protein backbone but joined to various PGs

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13
Q

how to glycosaminoglycans give the GS its form

A

GAGS trap water (like bottle brushes) to make the GS more jelly-like

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14
Q

what is hyaluronidase and what does it do?

A

an enzyme produced by white blood cells, sperm and some bacteria
breaks apart hyaluronic acid so the GS becomes more liquid + move more easily through it

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15
Q

what is hyaluronic acid and where is it found?

A

viscous slippery substance
binds cells
lubricates joints
maintains shape of eyeball

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16
Q

applications of chondroitin sulphate as ground substance

A

support + ADHESIVE features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

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17
Q

locations of keratan sulphate in GS

A

bone, cartilage, cornea of eye

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18
Q

locations of dermatan sulphate in GS

A

skin
tendons
blood vessels + heart valves

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19
Q

describe exophthalmus

A

protruding eyes as a result of autoimmune over-activation of thyroid
autoimmune action of fibroblasts in ECM of eye –> deposition of GAGS and influx of water

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20
Q

name the three different protein fibres found in ECM of CT

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

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21
Q

describe what collagen fibres in ECM are made of, look like, and where they’re found

A

made of collagen
thicker, parallel bundles
strong and flexible, resist pulling forces

most abundant type - common in bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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22
Q

describe reticular fibres - what they’re made out of, what they do, what they look like

A

collagen (fine bundles) with a coating of glycoprotein
made by fibroblasts

provide strength + support
forms part of the basement membrane

networks in vessels and through adipose tissue, muscle tissue, nerve fibres

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23
Q

describe elastic fibres - composition, appearance, functions, locations

A

protein ELASTIN surrounded by glycoprotein FIBRILLIN
thinner than collagen fibres, network
can be stretched 150%
skin, blood vessels, lung

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24
Q

what is Marfan syndrome

A

hereditary defect in elastic fibres - increase growth because Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFb) does not bind normally to fibrillin
(TGFb makes you grow - binding to fibrillin makes it inactive)

long lived tall people with weakened heart valves / arterial walls

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25
Q

name two common connective tissue cell types

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes

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26
Q

features, function and location of fibroblasts

A

migratory
widely distributed in CT
secretes components of the matrix (fibres and GS)

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27
Q

where are adipocytes found and what do they do?

A

Fat cells

found under the skin and around organs
store fat (triglycerides)

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28
Q

name four cells (other than fibroblasts and adipocytes) found in Solid CT

A

Macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Leucocytes

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29
Q

what are macrophages?

A

a type of phagocytic cell (white blood cell, immune response)
capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

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30
Q

name and describe the two types of macrophages

A

fixed - reside in particular tissue
wandering - can move around tissue and gather at sites of infection / inflammation to carry out phagocytosis

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31
Q

what are plasma cells, what do they do

A

small blood cells that develop from B-lymphocyte (WBC)

secrete antibodies (proteins that attack and neutralise foreign substances)

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32
Q

locations of plasma cells

A

many CT sites
esp. gastrointestinal + respiratory tracts
salivary glands
lymph nodes, spleen
red bone marrow

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33
Q

what do mast cells produce

A

histamines
(which dilates vessels)

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34
Q

what are leukocytes and how to they function

A

white blood cells
not found in large quantities in normal CT, but in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissue

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35
Q

name the two classifications of connective tissue

A

Embryonic
Mature

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36
Q

what is embryonic connective tissue?

A

formed in the embryo’s development

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37
Q

name and describe the two types of embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme - gives rise to all other connective tissues.
Mesenchymal cells + semi-fluid GS containing reticular fibres

Mucous - widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in gelatinous GS, supports umbilical cord + foetus

38
Q

Name three broad categories of mature connective tissue

A

Connective tissue Proper

Fluid CT
Supporting CT
(both considered “specialised CTs”)

39
Q

name and describe the two types of CT Proper

A

Loose - fibres create loose, open framework
many cells, few fibres

Dense - fibres densely packed
many fibres, few cells

40
Q

name the three types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

41
Q

describe the structure, location and function of areolar CT

A

all three (collagen, reticular and elastic) fibres present
widely distributed
strength, elasticity, support

42
Q

describe the structure, location and function of adipose CT

A

adipocytes for specialised storage of triglycerides as a large central droplet
found with areolar CT
insulation, energy source (white), temp control (brown)

43
Q

describe the structure, location and function of reticular CT

A

network of reticular fibres and cells

forms STROMA (supporting framework) of organs
eg. liver, spleen, lymph nodes, BM, blood vessels and muscles

binds smooth muscle tissue cells

44
Q

name the three types of dense connective tissue

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

45
Q

describe the structure and appearance of dense Regular connective tissue

A

shiny white ECM
collagen fibres neatly arranged in bundles w/ fibroblasts in rows between

46
Q

location and function of dense regular CT

A

tendons (muscle-bone)
ligaments (bone-bone)
aponeuroses (muscle-muscle)

provides strong attachment between structures, withstands tension

47
Q

describe the healing of dense regular CT

A

collagen fibres not living tissue = slow healing

48
Q

describe the appearance / structure of dense irregular CT

A

collagen fibres arranges irregularly with few fibroblasts

(looks like a slice of wagyu beef to me)

49
Q

locations of dense irregular CT

A

often in sheets like fasciae, reticular of dermis etc (there are a lot more examples oop)

50
Q

function of dense irregular CT

A

provides tensile (pulling) strength in MANY directions

51
Q

structure of dense elastic CT

A

elastic fibres with fibroblasts between
unstained tissue is yellowish

52
Q

locations of dense elastic CT

A

lung tissue
walls of elastic arteries
vocal cords / trachea / bronchi etc

53
Q

functions of dense elastic CT

A

allows stretching of various organs

54
Q

two types of supporting CT

A

cartilage
bone / osseous tissue

55
Q

name three subtypes of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

56
Q

what is cartilage

A

a dense network of collagen and elastic fibres
protects joints and bones

57
Q

prefix associated with cartilage

A

chondro–

58
Q

explain the -blasts suffix

A

means “to bud or sprout”
generally associated with immature cells

blast cells undergo cell division and secrete the ECM that is characteristic of the tissue

fibroblasts in dense / loose CT
chondroblasts in cartilage
osteoblasts in bone

59
Q

explain the -cytes suffix

A

mature cells
reduced capacity for cell division / ECM production
mostly monitors and maintains ECM

60
Q

what is the perichondrium

A

dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of most of the cartilage in the body

61
Q

describe the structure of function of hyaline cartilage

A

chondrocytes contained within lacuna (empty spaces)
shiny (“glass”) resilient gel as GS (bluish white appearance)
surrounded by perichondrium
fibres not visible

62
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage and where can it be found

A

most abundant
weakest cartilage, but offers flexibility and movement

respiratory cartilage - nose, trachea, bronchi
anterior ends of ribs
ends of long bones

63
Q

structure of fibrocartilage

A

chondrocyte within visible thick bundles of collagen fibres within ECM
lacks perichondrium

64
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

support + joining structures together
strength + rigidity = Strongest type of cartilage

65
Q

locations of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis - hip bones join anteriorly
portions of tendon that insert into cartilage
menisci (cartilage pads) of knee

66
Q

structure of elastic cartilage

A

chondrocytes in thread-like network of ELASTIC fibres
perichondrium present

67
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

strength + elasticity
maintains shapes of certain structures

68
Q

locations of elastic cartilage

A

auricle (outer part) of ear
lid on top of larynx

69
Q

name and describe the functions of the two types of bone tissue

A

Compact bone - made up of the basic unit of osteons (haversian systems)
stores Ca / P

Spongy bone - lacks osteons, stores triglycerides (yellow marrow), produces red marrow (RBC)

70
Q

name the four bone cell types

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

71
Q

define suffix -clast

A

a cell that destroys or reabsorbs

72
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells that start to lay down collagen

becomes trapped and becomes osteoblasts

73
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells (forms bone matrix)
lays down more collagen
mineralisation starts

74
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
formed when osteoblasts become trapped in ECM
maintain bone tissue
exchange of nutrients / waste
have gap junctions

75
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleated, ruffled border
formed from the fusion of blood monocytes (WBCs)
breaks down bone, resorption (breakdown of bone ECM)

76
Q

name the four components of the osteon

A

lamellae
lacunae
canaliculi
central (haversian) canal

77
Q

what are lamellae

A

concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness
(eg. Ca phosphate / OH –> hydroxyapatite)
and collagen for tensile strength

78
Q

what are lacunae

A

“little lakes”
small spaces between lamellae containing osteocytes

79
Q

what are canaliculi

A

“minute canals”
contain EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes
radiate from lacunae
= routes for O2, nutrients and waste

80
Q

what is the central (haversian) canal

A

blood
lymph
nerves

81
Q

cells involved with the healing of broken bone

A

osteoclasts reabsorb dead bone
chondroblasts lay down hyaline cartilage callus
osteoblasts lay down new bone
osteoclasts remodel new bone

82
Q

name the two types of fluid CT

A

blood
lymph

83
Q

composition of blood

A

blood plasma = liquid ECM
FORMED ELEMENTS = RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)

84
Q

role of erythrocytes

A

RBC - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

85
Q

role of thrombocytes

A

platelets (come from megakaryocytic in red marrow) - clotting

86
Q

name two types of leukocytes

A

granular and agranular leukocytes

87
Q

name three types of granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

88
Q

name three types of granular leukocytes

A

monocyte
T lymphocyte (T cell)
B lymphocyte (B cell)

89
Q

function of neutrophils and monocytes

A

phagocytic - they engulf bacteria

90
Q

functions of basophils and mast cells

A

release substances (eg. histamine) that intensify inflammatory reaction

91
Q

function of eosinophils

A

effective against certain parasitic worms
acute allergic response

BIOSCI 107 (22 decks)

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