03b: Embryology Flashcards
Kidneys are formed out of (ecto/meso/endo)-derm layer of embryo.
Intermediate mesoderm
Embryology: segmental kidneys grow (simultaneously/sequentially) in (X) number of regions. What are these “kidneys” called?
Sequentially;
X = 3
Pronephric, mesonephric, metanephric
T/F: Pronephric kidney is the only one out of three embryologic kidneys to regress as development continues.
False - mesonephric kidney also
T/F: Mesonephric duct forms alongside all three kidney regions.
True
T/F: The pronephric kidney contains no functional glomeruli.
False - has a handful
(Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney glomeruli are not encapsulated by Bowman’s capsule.
Pronephric
In Pronephric kidney, the glomeruli reside directly under (X) tissue; thus the ultrafiltrate enters (Y) space.
X = parietal coelomic (peritoneal) mesothelium Y = coelomic (peritoneal) space
(Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney glomeruli are connected via rudimentary nephric tubules to (X) region of (Y) duct.
Mesonephric;
X = Y = mesonephric
T/F: Nephric tubules lose function in males and females.
False - in males, become associated with testis
The metanephric kidney is distinguished by (X).
X = elaborate ureteric bud branching
Ureteric bud of (Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney arises from (X). What is the fate of this bud?
Metanephric;
X = mesonephric duct
Becomes ureter and highly-brnached collecting ducts in kidney lobes
T/F: Branching morphogenesis is evolutionarily conserved across numerous organs.
True
Metanephric cap is formed by (X) tissue and forms around (proximal/distal) end of (Y).
X = (condensed) metanephrogenic mesoderm (mesenchymal) tissue
Distal;
Y = each branch of collecting duct
(Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney stage: the (X) vesicle forms an S-shape and shares a lumen with (Y) structure.
Metanephric;
X = metanephric (from metanephric cap)
Y = collecting duct
The (proximal/distal) limb of the metanephric vesicle develops into a renal corpuscle. The (proximal/distal) limb elongates into tubule, continuous with (X).
Distal;
Middle and proximal;
X = collecting duct
Embryology: Glomerular vascularization occurs by (outpouching/ingrowth) of capillaries from (X) tissue.
Ingrowth;
X = surrounding metanephrogenic mesoderm
Podocytes differentiate from the cells of the developing (X) during elaborate formation of (Y) structure.
X = tubule cells; Y = glomerular capillary tuft
Horseshoe kidney typically develops during which process of urinary system development?
Cranial migration of kidneys; they may fuse when squeezing medially together to pass through fork formed by branched common iliac arteries
Nephrons and collecting ducts failing to connect/function normally during development have which fate?
Prone to degenerate into fluid-filled cysts
An increase in size of one kidney could be evidence of (X).
X = decreased function of other kidney (compensatory function)
T/F: Glomeruli are irreversibly lost and do not increase in number during compensatory mechanisms.
True
(X) is the natural outflow pathway for the intermediate mesoderm.
There is none
(Cranial/caudal) end of mesonephric duct forms connection with outside world by meeting (ecto/meso/endo)derm-derived hindgut in (X) orifice.
Caudal;
Endoderm;
X = cloaca
The cloaca represents the uniting of future (X) and (Y). An additional embryonic structure, (Z), is also united to allow connection to extraembryonic structures through..
X = bladder Y = ureter Z = allantois
Umbilicus
As the allantois regresses, it leaves behind (X), extending between umbilicus and (Y).
X = (fibrous structure) urachus Y = bladder
If the allantois fails to regress, the patent channel would connect:
Bladder and umbilicus
The cloaca resolves into (X) opening through formation of (Y).
X = separate urogenital and anorectal; Y = urorectal septum
Collecting duct is derived from which embryonic structure?
Terminal branch of ureteric bud
Mistimed branching during embryonic development of kidneys could result in which anatomical variation?
Double ureter
T/F: Cells with stem cell potential are scattered throughout the kidney’s tubules.
True, but not obviously discernible
In lab animals, (X) has been found to have potential to repopulate nephric stem cells.
X = bone marrow
Male patient has congenital abnormality in which urine leave penis at site other than tip. This is called:
Hypospadias
