03b: Embryology

Question 1

Kidneys are formed out of (ecto/meso/endo)-derm layer of embryo.

Answer 1

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

Embryology: segmental kidneys grow (simultaneously/sequentially) in (X) number of regions. What are these “kidneys” called?

Answer 2

Sequentially;
X = 3

Pronephric, mesonephric, metanephric

Question 3

T/F: Pronephric kidney is the only one out of three embryologic kidneys to regress as development continues.

Answer 3

False - mesonephric kidney also

Question 4

T/F: Mesonephric duct forms alongside all three kidney regions.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F: The pronephric kidney contains no functional glomeruli.

Answer 5

False - has a handful

Question 6

(Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney glomeruli are not encapsulated by Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 6

Pronephric

Question 7

In Pronephric kidney, the glomeruli reside directly under (X) tissue; thus the ultrafiltrate enters (Y) space.

Answer 7

X = parietal coelomic (peritoneal) mesothelium
Y = coelomic (peritoneal) space

Question 8

(Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney glomeruli are connected via rudimentary nephric tubules to (X) region of (Y) duct.

Answer 8

Mesonephric;

X = Y = mesonephric

Question 9

T/F: Nephric tubules lose function in males and females.

Answer 9

False - in males, become associated with testis

Question 10

The metanephric kidney is distinguished by (X).

Answer 10

X = elaborate ureteric bud branching

Question 11

Ureteric bud of (Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney arises from (X). What is the fate of this bud?

Answer 11

Metanephric;
X = mesonephric duct

Becomes ureter and highly-brnached collecting ducts in kidney lobes

Question 12

T/F: Branching morphogenesis is evolutionarily conserved across numerous organs.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Metanephric cap is formed by (X) tissue and forms around (proximal/distal) end of (Y).

Answer 13

X = (condensed) metanephrogenic mesoderm (mesenchymal) tissue
Distal;
Y = each branch of collecting duct

Question 14

(Pro/meso/meta)-nephric kidney stage: the (X) vesicle forms an S-shape and shares a lumen with (Y) structure.

Answer 14

Metanephric;
X = metanephric (from metanephric cap)
Y = collecting duct

Question 15

The (proximal/distal) limb of the metanephric vesicle develops into a renal corpuscle. The (proximal/distal) limb elongates into tubule, continuous with (X).

Answer 15

Distal;
Middle and proximal;
X = collecting duct

Question 16

Embryology: Glomerular vascularization occurs by (outpouching/ingrowth) of capillaries from (X) tissue.

Answer 16

Ingrowth;

X = surrounding metanephrogenic mesoderm

Question 17

Podocytes differentiate from the cells of the developing (X) during elaborate formation of (Y) structure.

Answer 17

X = tubule cells;
Y = glomerular capillary tuft

Question 18

Horseshoe kidney typically develops during which process of urinary system development?

Answer 18

Cranial migration of kidneys; they may fuse when squeezing medially together to pass through fork formed by branched common iliac arteries

Question 19

Nephrons and collecting ducts failing to connect/function normally during development have which fate?

Answer 19

Prone to degenerate into fluid-filled cysts

Question 20

An increase in size of one kidney could be evidence of (X).

Answer 20

X = decreased function of other kidney (compensatory function)

Question 21

T/F: Glomeruli are irreversibly lost and do not increase in number during compensatory mechanisms.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

(X) is the natural outflow pathway for the intermediate mesoderm.

Answer 22

There is none

Question 23

(Cranial/caudal) end of mesonephric duct forms connection with outside world by meeting (ecto/meso/endo)derm-derived hindgut in (X) orifice.

Answer 23

Caudal;
Endoderm;
X = cloaca

Question 24

The cloaca represents the uniting of future (X) and (Y). An additional embryonic structure, (Z), is also united to allow connection to extraembryonic structures through..

Answer 24

X = bladder
Y = ureter
Z = allantois

Umbilicus

Question 25

As the allantois regresses, it leaves behind (X), extending between umbilicus and (Y).

Answer 25

X = (fibrous structure) urachus
Y = bladder

Question 26

If the allantois fails to regress, the patent channel would connect:

Answer 26

Bladder and umbilicus

Question 27

The cloaca resolves into (X) opening through formation of (Y).

Answer 27

X = separate urogenital and anorectal;
Y = urorectal septum

Question 28

Collecting duct is derived from which embryonic structure?

Answer 28

Terminal branch of ureteric bud

Question 29

Mistimed branching during embryonic development of kidneys could result in which anatomical variation?

Answer 29

Double ureter

Question 30

T/F: Cells with stem cell potential are scattered throughout the kidney’s tubules.

Answer 30

True, but not obviously discernible

Question 31

In lab animals, (X) has been found to have potential to repopulate nephric stem cells.

Answer 31

X = bone marrow

Question 32

Male patient has congenital abnormality in which urine leave penis at site other than tip. This is called:

Answer 32

Hypospadias