02: Histology Flashcards
Each nephron consists of (X) and its associated tubules. What is (X) comprised of?
X = renal corpuscle
- Bowman’s capsule
- Glomerular capillaries
The urinary space is between (X) and (Y) and contains (Z).
X = bowman's capsule Y = cap's of glomerulus Z = ultrafiltrate
(X) turns into a renal tubule at (Y) portion of the renal corpuscle.
X = Bowman's capsule Y = urinary pole
At which point does the ultrafiltrate become filtrate? And urine?
Filtrate in tubules; urine when it enters minor calyx
(X) cells compose the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule. Together with (Y), an important filtration barrier is formed that’s selective for which molecule characteristics?
X = podocytes Y = endothelial basal lamina
Size and charge
Glomerular filtration slits are composed of:
Interdigitated pedicels of adjacent podocytes
T/F: A membranous slit diaphragm spans the filtration slits of glomerulus.
False - non-membranous diaphragm
Slit diaphragm consists of (X) proteins, critically involved in (Y).
X = extracellular and transmembrane (esp nephrin) Y = passage of proteins (i.e. albumin) into urinary space
(X) cells take on role of CT support of glomerular structure. What are the two types of (X) cells?
X = mesangial
- Extraglomerular (i.e. lacis)
- Intraglomerular
(Intra/extra)-glomerular mesangial cells are (X), thus capable of altering blood flow through glomerulus. List some other functions they have.
Intraglomerular;
X = contractile
Phagocytosis and repair (immune interaction)
3 compartments in the glomerulus:
- Vascular (arterioles and cap’s)
- CT (mesangial cells, basement membranes, cortical interstitium)
- Urinary space (continuous with lumen of PCT)
T/F: Mesangial cells are responsible for collagen production.
True
Glomerulus: Why is the filtration barrier’s basement membrane so (thin/thick)?
Thick;
Shared by podocytes and cap endothelium
T/F: Glomerular capillary endothelium is continuous and covered by podocytes.
False - fenestrated
Ultrafiltrate contains:
- water
- glucose
- ions
- AA
- small molecules (under 68 kD)
- urea
Collecting ducts are found in (cortex/medulla).
Both
Thick descending and thick ascending tubule found in (cortex/medulla).
Medulla
PCT has the same morphology as (X) tubule. How can you tell them apart?
X = thick descending
Location (cortex v. medulla)
Squamous cells with few organelles is characteristic of (X) renal tubule and suggestive of primarily (Y) transport in this segment.
X = thin Y = passive (water resorption)
Cuboidal/pyramidal cells with long microvilli and many basal infoldings is characteristic of (X) renal tubule. Which function do these tubules have?
X = proximal convoluted and thick descending;
Large molecule and active resorption
Thick ascending and distal tubules have which general function?
Active salt transport
Water resorption under hormonal control is a function of (Y) tubules.
Y = collecting ducts
Kidney release of Renin eventually causes (increase/decrease) in water resorption. Through which series of steps?
Increase;
Increase in angiotensin production, increase in ADH release from pituitary, and ADH makes collecting ducts more permeable to water
Collecting tubules can be distinguished from DT by (X) cells. What is the structure/function of (X) cells?
X = interacalated “dark”
“Dark” due to abundant mitochondria (also golgi, polyribosomes, H+/HCO3 transporters);
Modulate acid-base balance
Which cells in collecting ducts are responsive to ADH? What exactly does ADH do?
Principal cells;
Activates aquaporins, increasing permability to and resorption of water
Collecting ducts converge in (cortex/medulla) to from (X) which open into (Y).
Base of medulla;
X = ducts of Bellini
Y = minor calyces
T/F: Each segmental artery, branching off of renal artery, supplies unique region of kidney.
True
Most, (X)% of glomeruli are (cortical/juxtamedullary).
X = 75
Cortical
T/F: Cortical nephrons from cortical glomeruli never reach medulla.
False - reach only outer medulla
Peritubular cap plexus drains into (X). Vasa recta drains into (Y).
X = interlobular veins directly or stellate veins first Y = interlobular veins or directly into arcuate veins
List the three components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus.
- Macula densa
- JG cells
- Mesangial cells
Macula densa is localized near (X) vessel. It functions to monitor (Y) and regulate (Z).
X = afferent arteriole Y = NaCl conc in DCT Z = renin secretion
(X) cells contain renin granules.
X = JG
JG cells are formed from (X) layer of (Y) vessels.
X = tunica media Y = arterioles
(X)% of cortex is interstitium. (Y)% of medulla is interstitium.
X = 10 Y = 40
T/F: Fibroblasts are present in both cortex and medulla.
True
T/F: Fibroblasts in cortex secrete EPO and prostaglandin.
False - secrete EPO, but fibroblasts in medulla secrete prostaglandin
T/F: Lymphocytes are only found in medullary interstitium.
False - in cortex too
You’d find high osmolarity interstitium in (cortex/medulla).
Medulla
T/F: There is a muscularis mucosae layer in bladder.
True
Transitional epithelium in bladder, aka (X), have which sensory function(s)?
X = urothelium
- Mechanosensation
- Chemosensation
List the three layers of the transitional epithelium in bladder. Star the common host site for UTIs.
- Umbrella cells*
- Intermediate layer
- Basal cell layer
T/F: Umbrella cell layer of urothelium has gap junctions between cells.
False - tight junctions
T/F: Basal cell layer of urothelium hosts the stem cells.
True
T/F: Intermediate layer of urothelium is in contact with basal lamina.
True - via fine cytoplasmic projections
Distally, urethra epithlium transitions from (X) to (Y) types.
X = transitional Y = stratified squamous
In between, may be pseudostratified
