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MFoM > 03a: DNA > Flashcards

03a: DNA Flashcards

1
Q

The bases are attached to which atom of nucleotide?

A

C1

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2
Q

Difference between ribose and deoxyribose configuration.

A

Ribose has hydroxyl on C2

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3
Q

Phosphate group attached to which atom on nucleotide?

A

C5

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4
Q

Complementary sequence to ACTGCT.

A

AGCAGT

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5
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between A and T.

A

2

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6
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between G and C.

A

3

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7
Q

Distance between adjacent bare pairs in DNA is (constant/variable) at around:

A

Constant; 0.34 nm

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8
Q

Width of DNA double helix is:

A

2 nm

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9
Q

Describe Pauling and Corey DNA model, called (X).

A

P-form DNA

Bases on outside, backbone on inside. Not probable (backbone negatively charged, so repulsion)

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10
Q

In wet environment, which DNA form is found?

A

B form

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11
Q

In low humidity environment, which DNA form is found?

A

A form

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12
Q

What does Z form DNA code for?

A

Non-coding area (spacer)

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13
Q

Z form DNA nucleotide sequence is composed of:

A

Repeating GC units

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14
Q

Z form DNA is (RH/LH).

A

LH helix

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15
Q

B form DNA is (RH/LH).

A

RH

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16
Q

A-form DNA is (RH/LH).

A

RH

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17
Q

(A/B)- form DNA is more tightly wound.

A

A-form

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18
Q

T/F: once denatured, DNA strands cannot be renatured.

A

False

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19
Q

What are the stabilizing factors in secondary DNA structure?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds
  2. Van der waals
  3. Ions in cells
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20
Q

What are the destabilizing factors in secondary DNA structure?

A

Electrostatic repulsion (P has negative charge at phys pH)

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21
Q

(Single/double) stranded DNA absorbs more light.

A

Single-stranded (more exposed)

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22
Q

Tm, aka (X), depends on:

A

X = temperature at which half DNA denatured

Depends on % AT and GC base pairs

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23
Q

DNA with higher percent AT base pairs will have (higher/lower) Tm compared to DNA with higher GC base pairs.

A

Lower

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24
Q

Template for reverse transcriptase.

A

RNA

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25
Q

Drugs that block HIV RNA from being reverse transcribed into DNA.

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

26
Q

Drugs that cut up proteins needed to create new HIV virus.

A

Protease inhibitors

27
Q

Drugs that prevent HIV entry into cell.

A

Entry inhibitors

28
Q

Drugs that prevent HIV from inserting its genetic code into human cell genome.

A

HIV integrase inhibitors

29
Q

AZT, a drug that treats (X), has which MOI?

A

X = HIV

Thymine analog that is incorporated into growing DNA; lack of OH at 3’ position prevents addition of NT

30
Q

Quinolones are drugs used to combat (X). What’s the MOI?

A

X = infectious agents

Bind to topoisomerase and inhibit ligase domains (leads to DNA fragmentation)

31
Q

Type 1B topoisomerases cut (1/2) strand(s) and introduce (X) number of supercoils at a time.

A

1 strand;

X = 1

32
Q

Type 1B topoisomerases rely on E from:

A

Strained DNA

33
Q

Which end of DNA strand(s) rotate(s) when acted on by type 1B topoisomerase?

A

Free 3’ end of nicked strand

34
Q

Type II topoisomerases cut (1/2) strand(s) and introduce (X) number of supercoils at a time.

A

2 strands;

X = 2

35
Q

Type II topoisomerases rely on E from:

A

ATP

36
Q

In nature, Type II Topoisomerases usually introduce (positive/negative) supercoils.

A

Negative

37
Q

T/F: Certain topoisomerases affect bacteria and not eukaryotes.

A

True

38
Q

Histones are rich in which AA? Why?

A

Lys and Arg;

Positive charges bind tightly to negative DNA backbone

39
Q

List the histones in (X) core.

A

X = nucleosome

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

40
Q

Which histone is associated with linker DNA (not part of nucleosome core)?

A

H1

41
Q

Nucleosome formation gives about (X)-fold shortening, allowing (positive/negative) supercoiling in (euk/prok).

A

X = 6-7

Negative; eukaryotes

42
Q

Solenoid formation gives about (X)-fold shortening.

A

X = 35-40

43
Q

How many nucleosomes per turn in solenoid formation?

A

6 nucleosomes per turn

44
Q

In prokaryotes, how does the mRNA sequence compare to the template stand? And non-template strand?

A

Complementary to template strand; IDENTICAL to non-template (unlike eukaryotes, due to introns)

45
Q

In (eukaryotes/prokaryotes), DNA and protein are colinear.

A

Prokaryotes

46
Q

T/F: In eukaryotes and prokaryotes, size of genome doesn’t correspond to number of genes

A

False - it does, but only in prokaryotes

47
Q

In (eukaryotes/prokaryotes), gene sequences are unique/single copy.

A

Prokaryotes

48
Q

T/F: In eukaryotes and prokaryotes, most DNA is functional.

A

False - in eukaryotes, most DNA is non-functional

49
Q

In eukaryotes, about (X)% of genome codes for proteins.

A

X = 10

50
Q

Highly repetitive sequences (are/aren’t) transcribed.

A

Aren’t

51
Q

Highly repetitive sequences are usually composed of which nucleotides?

A

Short, tandem AT-rich repeats

52
Q

Highly repetitive sequences are present at (X) copies/genome.

A

X = >300,000

53
Q

T/F: Some highly repetitive sequences have functions.

A

True - telomeres

54
Q

Telomeres are examples of (highly/moderately/non)-repetitive sequences.

A

Highly repetitive

55
Q

Moderately repetitive sequences are derived from:

A

transposons

56
Q

Moderately repetitive sequences (are/aren’t) transcribed.

A

Usually are

57
Q

Moderately repetitive sequences (are/aren’t) translated.

A

Aren’t

58
Q

Moderately repetitive sequences are present at (X) copies/genome.

A

X = 2-300,000

59
Q

Moderately repetitive sequences code for:

A

Highly used genes (histones, rRNA, tRNA), but most non-functional

60
Q

Most of genome composed of (highly/moderately/non)-repetitive sequences.

A

Non-repetitive (unique/single-copy)

61
Q

In any one cell, about (X)% of genome made into protein, except for (Y).

A

X = 1

Y = housekeeping genes (universally required)

62
Q

Advantages of nucleosome folding:

A
  1. Pack lots of DNA into small nucleus
  2. Negative supercool opens DNA up for use
  3. Distant linear regulatory sequences brought closer together

MFoM (20 decks)

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