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RM > 03.3 > Flashcards

03.3 Flashcards

1
Q

what do scales of measurement describe?

A

the nature/properties of data

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2
Q

what are the four scales of measurement?

A

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

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3
Q

what does nominal scale assign?

A

assigns names to variables based on a particular attribute

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4
Q

what does nominal scale divide into what?

A

Divides data into discrete categories

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5
Q

has nominal scale quantifiable meaning?

A

no

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6
Q

has ordinal scale quantifiable meaning?

A

yes

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6
Q

what does ordinal scale report?

A

the ranking and ordering of data

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7
Q

what is assumed in ordinal scale?

A

intervals between values are not assumed to be equal

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8
Q

what is an example for ordinal scale?

A

likert scales

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9
Q

has interval scale quantifiable meaning?

A

yes

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10
Q

what is assumed in interval scale?

A
  • intervals between values are assumed to be equal
  • zero point does not assume the absence of a value
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11
Q

how can values not be expressed in interval scale?

A

values cannot be expressed as multiples or fractions

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12
Q

where do values not originate from in interval scale?

A

zero

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13
Q

has ratio scale quantifiable meaning?

A

yes

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14
Q

what does zero point assume in ratio scale?

A

the absence of a value

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15
Q

where do values originate from in ratio scale?

A

zero

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16
Q

how can values be expressed in ratio scale?

A

as multiples or fractions

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17
Q

short explanation of nominal

A

attributes are only named

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18
Q

short explanation of ordinal

A

attributes can be ordered

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19
Q

short explanation of interval

A

distance is meaningful

20
Q

short explanation of ratio

A

absolute zero

21
Q

which scales are nonparametric?

A

nominal and ordinal data

22
Q

which scales are parametric?

A

interval and ratio data

23
Q

what are parametric statistics?

A

Statistical techniques designed for use when the data have certain characteristics regarding:
* scale of measurement: Interval or ratio
* distribution: Normal

24
Q

what is the advantage of parametric statistics? What use are they designed for?

A

parametric tests are usually more powerful

25
Q

what are nonparametric statistics? What use are they designed for?

A

Statistical techniques designed to be used when:
* Scale of measurement: Nominal or ordinal or
* Distribution: not normal

26
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A

brief informational coefficients that summarize a given data set

27
Q

name 3 descriptive statistics

A

a) Measures of central tendency
b) Measures of variability
c) Frequency distribution

28
Q

what do inferential statistics allow for?

A

allows you to draw conclusions about your data that can be applied to the wider
population (e.g. t-test, ANOVA)

29
Q

what is a variable?

A

A condition in an experiment or a characteristic of an entity, person, or object that can take on different
categories, levels, or values and that can be quantified (measured).

30
Q

what are the properties of the mean?

A
  • Another name for average
  • Very common measure to describe the central tendency
  • Is seriously affected by unusual values (outliers)
31
Q

is the mean robust to outliers?

A

no

32
Q

what are the properties of the median?

A
  • Another name for 50th percentile
  • Middle point for a data set
  • Robust to outliers
33
Q

what are the properties of the mode?

A
  • The value that occurs most frequently
  • One data set can have different modes
  • Most useful for categorical data
34
Q

what is the range?

A

The difference between the smallest
and largest data point

35
Q

is the range robust to outliers?

A

no, it is highly affected by outliers

36
Q

what is the standard deviation?

A

A measure of the variability of a set of data points around the mean

37
Q

is the standard deviation robust to outliers?

A

no, it is sensitive to outliers

38
Q

what does the standard deviation formula weigh more?

A

The standard deviation formula weighs unevenly spread out samples more than evenly spread samples

39
Q

in which units is the standard deviation expressed in?

A

The standard devia6on is expressed in the same units as the original values

40
Q

how to compute the standard deviation (4 steps)?

A
  1. Compute the mean
  2. Compute the sum of the squared difference between each data point and the mean
  3. Compute the variance
  4. Compute the square root of the variance
41
Q

what does a frequency distribution describe?

A

the number of observations for each possible value of a variable

42
Q

what is a probability distribution?

A
  • A probability distribution is a mathematical function that describes the probability of different possible
    values of a variable.
  • A probability distribution is an idealized frequency distribution.
43
Q

It is a … distribution of what all the scores in the population would be if everyone was
tested on a particular measure

A

hypothetical

44
Q

A probability distribution is an … frequency distribution

A

idealized

45
Q

what are the properties of normal distribution?

A
  • data is symmetrically distributed
  • the data follows a bell shape
  • most values clustering around a central region
46
Q

all kinds of variables in natural and social sciences are …

A

normally or approximately normally distributed

47
Q

what are the properties of standard normal distribution?

A
  • Mean is 0
  • Standard deviation is 1
48
Q

what are the advantages of standard normal distribution?

A
  • allows you to easily calculate the probability of certain values occurring in your distribution
  • allows you to compare data sets with different means and standard deviations.

RM (10 decks)

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