Scales of Measurement Etc

Question 1

what do scales of measurement describe?

Answer 1

the nature/properties of data

Question 2

what are the four scales of measurement?

Answer 2

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Question 3

what does nominal scale assign?

Answer 3

assigns names to variables based on a particular attribute

Question 4

what does nominal scale divide into what?

Answer 4

Divides data into discrete categories

Question 5

has nominal scale quantifiable meaning?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

has ordinal scale quantifiable meaning?

Answer 6

yes

Question 6

what does ordinal scale report?

Answer 6

the ranking and ordering of data

Question 7

what is assumed in ordinal scale?

Answer 7

intervals between values are not assumed to be equal

Question 8

what is an example for ordinal scale?

Answer 8

likert scales

Question 9

has interval scale quantifiable meaning?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

what is assumed in interval scale?

Answer 10

• intervals between values are assumed to be equal
• zero point does not assume the absence of a value

Question 11

how can values not be expressed in interval scale?

Answer 11

values cannot be expressed as multiples or fractions

Question 12

where do values not originate from in interval scale?

Answer 12

zero

Question 13

has ratio scale quantifiable meaning?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

what does zero point assume in ratio scale?

Answer 14

the absence of a value

Question 15

where do values originate from in ratio scale?

Answer 15

zero

Question 16

how can values be expressed in ratio scale?

Answer 16

as multiples or fractions

Question 17

short explanation of nominal

Answer 17

attributes are only named

Question 18

short explanation of ordinal

Answer 18

attributes can be ordered

Question 19

short explanation of interval

Answer 19

distance is meaningful

Question 20

short explanation of ratio

Answer 20

absolute zero

Question 21

which scales are nonparametric?

Answer 21

nominal and ordinal data

Question 22

which scales are parametric?

Answer 22

interval and ratio data

Question 23

what are parametric statistics?

Answer 23

Statistical techniques designed for use when the data have certain characteristics regarding:
* scale of measurement: Interval or ratio
* distribution: Normal

Question 24

what is the advantage of parametric statistics? What use are they designed for?

Answer 24

parametric tests are usually more powerful

Question 25

what are nonparametric statistics? What use are they designed for?

Answer 25

Statistical techniques designed to be used when: * Scale of measurement: Nominal or ordinal or * Distribution: not normal

Question 26

what are descriptive statistics?

Answer 26

brief informational coefficients that summarize a given data set

Question 27

name 3 descriptive statistics

Answer 27

a) Measures of central tendency b) Measures of variability c) Frequency distribution

Question 28

what do inferential statistics allow for?

Answer 28

allows you to draw conclusions about your data that can be applied to the wider population (e.g. t-test, ANOVA)

Question 29

what is a variable?

Answer 29

A condition in an experiment or a characteristic of an entity, person, or object that can take on different categories, levels, or values and that can be quantified (measured).

Question 30

what are the properties of the mean?

Answer 30

- Another name for average - Very common measure to describe the central tendency - Is seriously affected by unusual values (outliers)

Question 31

is the mean robust to outliers?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

what are the properties of the median?

Answer 32

- Another name for 50th percentile - Middle point for a data set - Robust to outliers

Question 33

what are the properties of the mode?

Answer 33

- The value that occurs most frequently - One data set can have different modes - Most useful for categorical data

Question 34

what is the range?

Answer 34

The difference between the smallest and largest data point

Question 35

is the range robust to outliers?

Answer 35

no, it is highly affected by outliers

Question 36

what is the standard deviation?

Answer 36

A measure of the variability of a set of data points around the mean

Question 37

is the standard deviation robust to outliers?

Answer 37

no, it is sensitive to outliers

Question 38

what does the standard deviation formula weigh more?

Answer 38

The standard deviation formula weighs unevenly spread out samples more than evenly spread samples

Question 39

in which units is the standard deviation expressed in?

Answer 39

The standard devia6on is expressed in the same units as the original values

Question 40

how to compute the standard deviation (4 steps)?

Answer 40

1. Compute the mean 2. Compute the sum of the squared difference between each data point and the mean 3. Compute the variance 4. Compute the square root of the variance

Question 41

what does a frequency distribution describe?

Answer 41

the number of observations for each possible value of a variable

Question 42

what is a probability distribution?

Answer 42

* A probability distribution is a mathematical function that describes the probability of different possible values of a variable. * A probability distribution is an idealized frequency distribution.

Question 43

It is a ... distribution of what all the scores in the population would be if everyone was tested on a particular measure

Answer 43

hypothetical

Question 44

A probability distribution is an ... frequency distribution

Answer 44

idealized

Question 45

what are the properties of normal distribution?

Answer 45

* data is symmetrically distributed * the data follows a bell shape * most values clustering around a central region

Question 46

all kinds of variables in natural and social sciences are ...

Answer 46

normally or approximately normally distributed

Question 47

what are the properties of standard normal distribution?

Answer 47

* Mean is 0 * Standard deviation is 1

Question 48

what are the advantages of standard normal distribution?

Answer 48

* allows you to easily calculate the probability of certain values occurring in your distribution * allows you to compare data sets with different means and standard deviations.