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0310 Flashcards

1
Q

What two genes cause the perception of sweet

A

T1r2 & t1r3

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2
Q

What genes code for Unami

A

T1r1 & t1r3

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3
Q

What receptors for taste use GCPR‘s and TRP channels

A

Sweet Unami and bitter TRCs use GCPRs whereas all three also used TRP channels

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4
Q

What GCPR‘s use the G inhibitory proteins in the gustatory system

A

Type 2 taste receptor cells use gustducin which is a GQ and the receptors on type two TRC‘s (TR ones and TR twos) are gcprs

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5
Q

What is a GCPRthe activates GS is the means to affect intracellular events?

A

Olfactory receptor proteins golf is a GS

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6
Q

What 2 receptors use members of the TRP family of channels

A

Type 2 taste receptor cells (TRPM5) and type 3 taste receptor cells

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7
Q

What are the two features in the response of a neuronal population that make up an intensive code for any sensory system

A

The number of neurons firing action potentials and the number of action potentials each neuron fires make up an intensive coat

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8
Q

If the narrow neurons are saturated, what activity in other populations of olfactory sensory neurons allows us to detect higher concentrations of the same odorant?

A

Olfactory sensory neurons more broadly to to odorant molecules – one with lower affinity for the specific odorant molecule

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9
Q

What type of tastant does the class of type two TRC‘s respond to

A

Sweet bitter and Unami

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10
Q

How can we be sure that the activation of PLC and the production of IP three releasing calcium from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not sufficient for the drive of the release of ATP?

A

Knock out the key RPM5 channel and a mouse cannot taste sweet bitter or Unami

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11
Q

What gene is missing when sweet cannot be tasted

A

The Gene for T1 R2

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12
Q

What are two channels that are absolutely necessary for an olfactory sensory neuron to be able to send information to neurons in the olfactory bulb and where do we find these channels?

A

Calcium regulated chlorine channel (ANO2) in the cilia and voltage gated sodium channels of the axon hillock/initial segment

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13
Q

What type of taste receptor cell is silence as a result of the knockout of the TPM 5 gene

A

Class two taste receptor cells

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14
Q

What type of receptor proteins do class 2 taste receptor cells use?

A

T1rs (R 1–3) and T2ts are all GCPRS

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15
Q

What two other genes when deleted would have the same effect as the deletion of the TPM 5 gene

A

PLC beta two and gustducin and CALHM1 (knocking out the IP3 receptor and P2 X would have a much bigger effect than simply shutting down the class 2 taste receptor cells)

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16
Q

What intracellular messenger molecule is necessary for the proper guidance of olfactory sensory neurons

A

Calcium

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17
Q

What is the general sensory transduction pathway

A

Receptor cells two receptor molecule to transduction channel 2 receptor potential to spike train to transmitter release

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18
Q

Which receptors can generate action potentials and which receptors cannot generate action potential

A

Short receptors like taste receptor cells cannot generate action potentials but they signal neurons closer to them. Olfactory sensory neurons are long and they can generate action potential‘s. 

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19
Q

What are the two functions of the gustatory system?z

A

One. Stimulate eating a fish that provide a source of energy, protein, and salt. Two. Drive an animal to avoid items that might be poisonous or contaminated by bacteria

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20
Q

What are the three types of Papile

A

Fungi.form, foliate, and circumvallate

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21
Q

What are the three cell types of a taste but

A

Taste receptor cell, supporting cells, and basal cells

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22
Q

What is a taste receptor cell and what does he do?

A

They stick micro villi into the only opening of the bud, called a taste pore, which is the route by which saliva and molecules dissolved in it can reach the taste receptor cells

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23
Q

What do supporting cells of the taste bud do

A

They form an outer envelope for the bud

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24
Q

What do basil cells of the taste bud do

A

They serve as progenitors for taste receptor cells, which are short-lived and easily damaged due to various insults

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25
Q

What chain allows us to taste bitter phenylthiourea?

A

T2R-38;

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26
Q

What high population of pappillae allows for super tasting

A

Fungiform

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27
Q

Why do super tasters die young

A

They are only attracted to sweet things and repel by bitter things like healthy foods for example broccoli

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28
Q

What are type one cells

A

They respond selectively to sodium concentration therefore they are salty taste receptors

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29
Q

How are Type 1 cells like astrocytes glial lik

A

They extract K+ from extracellular fluid by expressing GLAST

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30
Q

What are the three sub types of type number 2 taste receptor cells

A

One has receptors for suite one has receptors for Unami and a third binds to bitter

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31
Q

What do you type three taste receptor cells do

A

They can detect the hydronium concentration so they are sour taste receptors

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32
Q

What phase determines which functional type a taste receptor cell becomes

A

It depends on the local environment during the terminal S phase

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33
Q

When does the basal cell populations stop growing in decline by 1%

A

35

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34
Q

What happens after type two cells find a molecule

A

It stimulates the gustatory inhibitory gustducin and the beta gamma subunit turns on PLC beta two in generates I P3 to open calcium channels on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which opens T RPMs

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35
Q

The opening of what channel leads to depolarization in action potential generation and type to taste receptor cells

A

TRPM5

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36
Q

Oh what is released as the result of type number to action potentials

A

ATP

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37
Q

Where does ATP release from

A

It releases from the base of the taste receptor cell

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38
Q

What channel is required for ATP release

A

Voltage gated sodium channels are required to bring the potential to or above +10 mV

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39
Q

Where are the ATP channels that allow ATP to move out from a taste receptor cell

A

Voltage gated CALHM1 channels

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40
Q

How can you block sodium channels

A

Tetrodotoxin is a sodium antagonist

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41
Q

What happens to ATP release if sodium channels are blocked

A

Atp release is also blocked

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42
Q

What happens if there is a C aLHM one null mutation

A

A mouse will be insensitive to Sweet Unami or bitter but shower and salty will stay intact

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43
Q

What is the general taste transduction pathway in type number to taste receptor cells

A

Receptors to G- routine (GUSTDUC IN) goes to PLC beta two goes to TRP M5

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44
Q

What is the Janne tropic receptor that ATP buns to

A

P2 X

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45
Q

What reaction does the enzyme PLC beta to catalyze

A

The breakdown of PIP 2 and two DAG and IP3

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46
Q

 What class of GCPrs are t1rs

A

Class three

47
Q

What genes do unami taste receptor cells Xpress

A

T1R1 and T1R3

48
Q

What neurotransmitter do tsunami taste receptor cells blind with the hetero timer

A

Glutamate

49
Q

Oh what jeans do sweet taste receptor cells express

A

T1r2 and t1r3

50
Q

What does the sweet taste receptors cell heteodimer bind

A

Carbohydrates

51
Q

What class of GCPR‘s do T2R use

A

Class one

52
Q

Where are the receptors for bitter taste

A

Tw4

53
Q

Why do we have a high affinity of t2rs

A

Since there is a high affinity it allows the binding of trace amounts of bitter tasting food without damage to the person if the food turns out to be poisonous

54
Q

What are the two groups that bind on bitter receptors

A

Alkaloids or nitrogen rich groups

55
Q

What do the expression of a lot of t2rs permits

A

Permits bitter taste receptor cells to respond to a very broad range of very different compounds

56
Q

What is the consequence of all of the taste receptor cells expressing so many t2rs

A

Since they express multiple you cannot tell one bitter compact from another. You can easily detect better but you can poorly discriminate bitter

57
Q

How does soda trigger a response in type three TCR‘s

A

The carbon dioxide in water for carbonic acid. Then the enzyme carbonic hydrates allows the response to it as it disociates into bicarbonate and hydronium

58
Q

What happens if the OTOP one gene gets knocked out

A

Chord tympani nerve (cranial nerve seven) loses response to acidics stimuli

59
Q

What does the dimer of OTOP11

A

A proton channel

60
Q

What taste receptor cell is OTOP1 expressed in

A

Type three

61
Q

How is sour taste processed

A

Hydronium entrance the taste receptor cell through the OTOP one channel, which lowers intercellular pH. Low pH leads to the close of potassium channels, which causes to polarization and subsequent action potentials

62
Q

What happens when you delete both ENAC Alpha genes in mutant mice

A

The mice cannot distinguish between salt and pure water so they like both equally

63
Q

What evidence does the mic is leaking pure water and salt equally provide

A

It provides half of the evidence for a label line theory because ENAC is necessary but it doesn’t provide evidence that is sufficient to code for salty taste

64
Q

How was enac tested in Reese‘s monkeys

A

They are only responsible for a fraction of the sodium protection. Amilo ride treatment doesn’t affect their licking, so there must be another channel

65
Q

Where are ENAC ion channels express

A

They are expressed and taser so sales I do not express receptors for other tastes and this occurs through release of neuroactive peptides

66
Q

What is the concentration of salt and saliva

A

20 nm

67
Q

What is the range of salt from least attractive to aversive for our detection

A

60 - 300

68
Q

What happens if ENAC ion channels are knocked out

A

The mice have a selective abolishment of the attractive taste of sodium chloride but it does not affect any other taste responses

69
Q

What channels are crucial for salt detection and how

A

Sodium enters to open voltage gated calcium channels

70
Q

What taste processing model is mowt support

A

Label line

71
Q

What is the label line model

A

The label line model is that everything is separate for the taste reception cells and it combines later

72
Q

How is the label line model supported

A

Functional studies and Mayas have demonstrated that different taste receptor cells define the different taste modalities, and the activation of a single type of taste receptor cell is sufficient to encode taste quality 

73
Q

What is the Cross fiber model of taste processing

A

The crossfire model says that the proud tune neurons either insert arrange a receptors or single cells in contacts to more than one receptor

74
Q

What happens if T2 R5 gene is knocked out

A

There is a selective elimination in the response to cycloheximide which is a bitter compound

75
Q

What happens if the taste receptor cells that express PDk2L1 knockout

A

There is no response to hydronium

76
Q

What happens if you knockout plc beta or TRPM5

A

There is no sweet unami or bitter

77
Q

What do the knock out tell us about genes and behavior

A

Genes code for proteins not behavior

78
Q

What Jean allows for cromolyn detection in humans

A

T2 R 49

79
Q

What is the reaction of the elimination of PKD2L1 and PKD1L3

A

Eliminated all response to acids

80
Q

What is the type three taste receptor cell toxin

A

Diphtheria toxin a

81
Q

What expression does diphtheria toxin a remove

A

PKD2L1 expression

82
Q

How can we make mice respond to cromolyn sweet

A

Add t2r49 to T1r2 and T1 are three and they were perceive crumbling a sweet

83
Q

What high concentration of ions does olfactory sensory neurons need

A

Chlorine

84
Q

And why do olfactory sensory neurons need high intracellular chlorine concentration

A

The outward driving force allows for an inward current to cause a depolarization of the neuron

85
Q

How much deplorization does the chlorine account for

A

90

86
Q

What code transporter insurers hi chlorine concentration and how

A

NKCC one insures high intrusellular chlorine concentration and the movement of sodium and potassium down there gradient allows for this

87
Q

What Jane is turned on an immature neuron that makes the intercellular chlorine low

A

KCC to

88
Q

What transports odorant molecules

A

Obps

89
Q

What happens if Celia can’t fail to develop

A

Loss of smell, anosmia

BArdet-biedl syndrome

90
Q

 How do you olfactory sensory neurons compared to other axons of the nervous system

A

They are the smallest and most solely conducting accents

91
Q

Past what age do you start losing one percent of your osns

A

40

92
Q

What is the three layers of olfactory epithelium from top to bottom

A

At the top there is one layer of supporting cells. At the bottom there is one or two layers of basal cells. In the middle there are olfactory sensory neurons

93
Q

What is the site of odorant detection

A

Cilia

94
Q

 What do the olfactory progenitor cells do

A

The OSN‘s are a place throughout life

95
Q

What receptor channels are important for the calcium entry

A

Calcium gated chlorine channels

96
Q

What type of receptor proteins are olfactory receptor proteins

A

Class one GCPRs

97
Q

What feature of olfactory receptor proteins allows it to respond to a Y range of odorants

A

They have hyper variable binding regions

98
Q

Since odorant receptors are the largest Jean family with more than 1000 jeans in most mammals, how many are intact and are expressed in humans

A

350… 5%

99
Q

How many odorant receptor proteins does each olfactory sensory neuron have

A

1

100
Q

How does one receptor come to be expressed and a mouse

A

The LCR limits transcriptions to 40 and then more limitation comes from the commitment of olfactory sensory neuron to one

101
Q

What type of antagonist are some odorants

A

Competitive antagonist

102
Q

How is a given odorant recognized by a unique set of olfactory receptors

A

Different olfactory receptors recognize different sets of odorants and different odorants activate different sets of olfactory receptors

103
Q

And what happens when there is a high concentration of odorant

A

There is a high spike rate and there are an increase number of old factory sensory neuronsbound

104
Q

How do low sulfur bearing compounds smell

A

Plesant eg coffee

105
Q

How do high bearing sulfur content smell

A

Awful like rotten eggs

106
Q

What happens when the CNG channel a two subunit is mutated or deleted

A

There is no ability to smell

107
Q

What G protein is in all olfactory sensory neurons

A

Golf

108
Q

What is the olfactory transduction pathway

A

Orderant to odorant receptor to golf to a C3 to camp to CNG to calcium to a in 02 depolarization

109
Q

What inhibits camp

A

PDE1C

110
Q

What diminishes calcium in the olfactory transduction pathway

A

NCKX four

111
Q

What does adaptation allow you to do in olfactory sensation

A

Adaptation allows an olfactory sensory neuron to respond to a broad range of outer intensity. Adaptation decreases in olfactory sensory neuron sensitivity to low concentration but increases olfactory sensory neurons relative sensitivity to high concentration

112
Q

How can you remove adaptation

A

One. Eliminate extracellular calcium concentration or to baPTA cheerleader prevent calcium rise intracellular

113
Q

What are three negative calcium feedback loops with calmodulin olfactory adaptation

A

One desensitize CNG to camp
two enhance PDE 1C to degrad camp
three inhibit AC three by phosphorating it with cam K2 to decrease synthesis

Ncs (3 decks)

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