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0217 Flashcards

1
Q

Six steps for mature central nervous system

A

Proliferation, migration, differentiation, axon pathfinding, synapse formation, regressive events

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2
Q

What is proliferation

A

Mitotic activity, form billions of cells from dozens

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3
Q

What is migration

A

Some cells leave to form distant nuclei and layers, they aggravate in these layers

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4
Q

What is differentiation

A

Chemical and morphological differences that determine group and function

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5
Q

Regressive events

A

Neurons overgrow then they prune back extra axons den dries etc.

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6
Q

What is a blastula

A

Single Ball of cells

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7
Q

What is the earliest event in the nervous system

A

Neural induction (proliferation)

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8
Q

When does neural induction happen

A

Gastrulation

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9
Q

What is gastrulation

A

A stage where enormous cell movements (invagination, inggression, and involution) lead to the formation of three germ layers

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10
Q

What are the three germ layers

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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11
Q

When are the primary body axes established

A

During gastrulation

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12
Q

What interaction is critical for the specification of neural cells

A

The interaction between dorsal ectodermal and mesodermal cells along the midline

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13
Q

What does the dorsal ectoderm become

A

Neural plate

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14
Q

What does the Neuro plate become

A

Neural tube

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15
Q

What happens to the rest of the ectoderm (minus the dorsal ectoderm)

A

It developed into skin

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16
Q

Which germ layer is the basis for the vertebrate nervous system

A

The dorsal ectoderm

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17
Q

Which germ layer is crucial for the development of the invertebrate nervous system

A

Ventral ectoderm

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18
Q

Where do melanocytes in chromaffin from the adrenal glands come from

A

Dorsal ectoderm

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19
Q

What type of signaling is used in the invertebrate ventral ectoderm

A

Delta notch signaling

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20
Q

What is delta notch signaling

A

Communication between adjacent cells rather than regions

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21
Q

How do vertebrate ectoderm communicate

A

Chemical signaling from the mesoderm to ectoderm

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22
Q

What neurons come from the neural tube

A

Central nervous system neurons

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23
Q

What neurons come from the neural crest

A

Peripheral nervous system neurons

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24
Q

What forms neural groove

A

The sides of the narrow plate fold up from the cell shaped changes of neural plate cells in ectodermal proliferation; invagination

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25
Q

What makes certain cells go towards the notochord

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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26
Q

What is the collection of cells between the neural tube in the epidermis called

A

Neural crest

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27
Q

And the neural crest, what does the low concentration of anti-BMP expressions do

A

They increase mutual binding of BMP four on the TGF beta receptor

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28
Q

What happens when tissue is transplanted from the dorsal blastopore lip before the pre-gastrulation stage

A

It will grow a second nervous system composed of host cells

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29
Q

What is the finding that lead to the neural induction hypothesis in the effort of identifying neural inducer molecules

A

Ectoderm has switched from epidermidis to neural ectoderm when a second nervous system is created

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30
Q

What effect does the blastopore lip have on the ectoderm

A

it induces it to become neural

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31
Q

What will happen to uncommitted ectoderm cells

A

They will become Nuro ectoderm cells and they will produce neurons and glia

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32
Q

What are the two experiments that help with understanding of neural induction

A

Implant liver with aldehyde treatment and transplantation of tissue from dorsal blastophore lip of a donor newt

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33
Q

What happens when ectodermal cells secrete BMP-4

A

This causes the ectodermal cells to become epidermal cells instead of neural cells

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34
Q

Why did the isolated cell culture not become epidermal cells

A

The BMP – four was too diluted

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35
Q

What is the receptor for a BMP 4

A

TGF Dash Beta

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36
Q

What are the four competitive antagonist of BMP – four

A

Noggin, Chordin, ceberus, and fallistatin

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37
Q

What happens when BMP antagonists bind to its receptor

A

The ectodermal cells stay default into neurons

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38
Q

What does noggin binding do

A

It makes neurons

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39
Q

What does chordin binding do

A

Induces neural tissue and other tissue

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40
Q

What germ layers produce the BMP-4 antagonist proteins

A

The dorsal blastopore lip & the midline mesoderm

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41
Q

What turns off pro neural genes and turns on epidermal genes

A

Smed timer

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42
Q

What is the Pathway for epidermal to form

A

BMP – four vines to TGF Beta which activates smad 2 to bind to smad 4 for and the dimer goes to nucleus

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43
Q

What is another name for the notochord

A

Dorsal mesoderm

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44
Q

What happens to the inhibitors of BMPs that the dorsal mesoderm releases

A

They diffuse into the dorsal ectoderm and block the effect of BMPs to allow neural tissue to form

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45
Q

During what stage of mitosis does the local environment instruct cells to become one type over another

A

The last stage

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46
Q

What are the two main migratory paths for neural crest cells

A

The ventral migratory pathway & the dorsal migratory pathway

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47
Q

What do neural crest cells on the dorsal pathway become

A

Melanocytes

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48
Q

What do neural crest cells on the ventral Pathway become

A

Dorsal root ganglion neurons, I don’t gnomic ganglion cells, adrenal chromaffin cells, or enteric ganglion cells

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49
Q

How do you produce a symmetric division

A

Vertical cleavage that splits perpendicularly to ventricular surface produces symmetric division

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50
Q

What happens as a result of symmetric division

A

Both daughter cells attached to the ventricular surface and both re-enter mitosis

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51
Q

What are the two ways to produce asymmetric division

A

One. A horizontal cleavage that Cleaves parallel to ventricular surface
2.. If a cleavage plan is off centered vertically

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52
Q

What happens as a result of asymmetric division

A

The daughter cell with the attachment to the ventricular surface reenters mitosis, and the one without the attachment exits mitosis, migrates away, and undergoes differentiation

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53
Q

What is the division type that cells undergo in proliferation

A

Symmetric division

54
Q

What is interkinetic nuclear migration

A

Neuroepithelial cells attached to both the inner surface of the neurotube and it’s out of surface. Individual nucle and migrate upward and back down during S and the G phases of mitosis

55
Q

What type of division happens at places that form layer structures i.e. retinal cerebral cortex cerebellar cortex

A

Asymmetric division of the neural epithelium cells

56
Q

What is the benefit of asymmetric division in terms of the population size

A

One cell staying in the cycle allows for preparation

57
Q

What are the first and last cells to leave in the retina

A

The first cell to leave are the ganglion cells and the last cell to leave are the bipolar and Mueller sales

58
Q

What is the timing of different cell types being born

A

Cells of different types are born at different times

59
Q

What are the two proliferation zones

A

The cell zone & the ventricular zone, mantle

60
Q

What are one of the first specialize cells to be generated in the neural tube

A

The radial glia

61
Q

What cells give rise to the progenitors that divide to produce post mitotic neurons

A

Radial glial cells

62
Q

What distance do the radial glia cells span

A

Ventricular surface to the outer surface

63
Q

What are the majority of stem and progenitor cells in the ventricular zone

A

Radial glia

64
Q

What do the radial glia proliferate and form

A

Radial glia, neurons, and glial cells

65
Q

How do cerebellar cells and cortical cells migrate

A

Along to radial glia

66
Q

What regions does the spinal cord divide into

A

Alar/dorsal plate and basal/ventral plate

67
Q

What does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord develop into functionally

A

Somatosensory

68
Q

What does the ventral horn of the spinal cord develop into functionally

A

Motor functions

69
Q

From medial to lateral what are the three zones of the spinal cord

A

Ventricular zone where all proliferation takes place; intermediate or mantle zone where post mitotic cells migrate; marginal zone where the processes of neuroblasts are found

70
Q

What is the sulcus limitans

A

It is the hole and the middle of the spinal cord so that the zones aren’t touching each other

71
Q

Which zone is the gray matter of the spinal cord And develops into the dorsal and ventral horns

A

The intermediate zone

72
Q

Which zone becomes a white matter of the spinal cord

A

The marginal zone

73
Q

What happens in the marginal zone

A

Ascending axons from the spinal cord to the brain and descending axons from the brain to the spinal cord occupy that zone and become myelinated. No cell bodies

74
Q

What is outside outmigration

A

In the mantle zone, the earlier generated neurons migrate toward the outer surface and end more laterally in the gray matter whereas the later generating neurons end more medially in the gray matter

75
Q

What do the first set of neurons that migrate from the proliferating ventricular zone form

A

The pre-plate

76
Q

How is the cortical plate formed

A

Later generated cells migrate to the preplate to form the cortical plane

77
Q

What are the two layers of the preplate after the cortical plate is formed

A

The marginal zone and the sub plate zone 

78
Q

What does the ventricular zone divide into as it gets thicker

A

The subventricular zone & the intermediate zone

79
Q

How are the critical layers formed from 6 to 2

A

Cortical plate neurons form the layers after all the proliferation happens

80
Q

What do the cortical neuron axons occupying the intermediate zone do

A

Form the white matter

81
Q

What neurons die off in a late development stage of the cortical plate

A

The mariginal zone and subplate

82
Q

What is inside out migration in cerebral cortex

A

The earliest set of neurons that migrate toward the pia surface (basal surface) to the pre plate form the cortical plate. There the neurons mature and form the deepest layer 6 of cortex. Neurons of subsequent migration into the cortical plate must go through layer six.

83
Q

What cells secrete Reelin

A

Cajal-retzius cells

84
Q

What is the benefit of the secretion of the protein reel in

A

It attracts post mitotic neurons toward the marginal zone and allows them to move past the earlier migrating neurons of the cortical plate

85
Q

How is a cerebral cortex arrange when there is a mutation in reelin

A

At least to an upside down cerebral portex and which the earliest born neon occupied layer two and the last born occupied layer six.

86
Q

What happens to the processes of radial glia in an upside down cerebral cortex

A

They grow chaotically toward the pial surface and rather than forming separate populations CR cells and subplate neurons around occupy the region of the marginal zone

87
Q

What percentage of neurons are inhibitory in the cerebral cortex

A

20%

88
Q

How do excitatory neurons of the cerebral cortex reach the appropriate layer

A

Radial migration

89
Q

How do inhibitory neurons reach cortex and get to proper layer

A

They reach the cortex by tangential migration and then they go to the correct layer using the radial glia

90
Q

Where are inhibitory neurons generated

A

Ganglionic eminence

91
Q

How do inhibitory neurons stay on track when they are on their tangential path

A

They take cues from secreted or cell surface proteins that repel them from entering other regions and attract them to their appropriate regions

92
Q

Where do gabba neurons leave from

A

Medial and lateral ganglianic in eminences

93
Q

What is the target for gabba neurons

A

They leave the lateral and medial ganglion eminences to reach the striatum, areas of Paleo cortex, neo cortex and hippocampus

94
Q

What are the two roles of the radial glial cells during the mid period of neurogenesis

A

The first role is to divide and form dedicated neuronal progenitors that will form specific types of post mitotic neurons and the second role is to stay attached to both surfaces of the neural tube and provide a scaffolding along which post mitotic neurons can migrate

95
Q

In adult animals what do radial glia turn into and the subventricular zone that enables them to re-enter mitosis to generate more neuronal progenitors

A

Astrocyte

96
Q

Where do neuronal progenitors give rise to neurons in adult animals

A

The sub ventricular zone near the lateral ventricles & the sub granular zone of the dentate gyrus (pattern completion)

97
Q

What is special about the dentate gyrus that allows it to do pattern separation

A

the sub granular zone of dentate gyrus neuronal progenitors give rise to new neurons even in adults

98
Q

Where do a large fraction of sub ventricular zone progenitors ago

A

They enter the rostral migratory system

99
Q

Where do progenitors that enter the rostral migratory system go

A

They reach the olfactory bulbs to become part of the olfactory bulb circuitry

100
Q

When the layer 4 cerebral cortex cells start to migrate, what populations of neurons are already present in the cerebral cortex?

A

Cajal Retzius cells, subplate neurons, and cortical plate layers five and six neurons

101
Q

What population of neurons does not require the radial glia?

A

Cajal-Retzius cells migrate by simply nuclear movement

102
Q

What two proteins determine the proper laminar or complex of the cortex?

A

Reelin & semaphorin 3A

103
Q

What role does reelin play

A

Supports migration of later born cells past previously born cells

104
Q

What role does semaphorin 3A play?

A

Repels axons from the cortical surface, forcing them to invade the white matter

105
Q

What protein instructs dendrites of excitatory neurons to go toward the surface of the cortex

A

Semaphorin 3a

106
Q

What happens during the development of inhibitory neurons that accounts for the radical difference in expression between excitatory and inhibitory neurons of cerebral cortex?

A

Inhibitory cells are generated at a separate location (ganglionic eminence) and take a different migratory path (tangential migration) to cortex

107
Q

What chemical factors secreted by different parts of mesoderm compete to determine whether overlying ectoderm will be skin or neural?

A

BMP – number four competes with the anti-BMPs

108
Q

What specific region of mesoderm makes and secretes BMP for

A

Ectoderm makes BMP – four whereas Noto chard makes anti-Bmps

109
Q

What is a population of non neurocells that are derived from Nu crest and the chemical factors that drove these neural crest derivatives to adopt a nonneral fate?

A

Adrenal chromaffin cells become non-neural when exposed to glucocorticoids made by adrenal cortex

110
Q

Which of the five regions of embryonic central nervous system would you transplant from a donor to a hose to induce ectoderm to become lens

A

Diencephalon

111
Q

What happens during asymmetric division that triggers the switch from a neurono precursor to a glal precursive

A

Sequestration of numb at one pole of the progenitor cell drives all of it into one daughter which will become the neuron, and none of it into the second daughter, which becomes a glial precursor

112
Q

What biochemical event triggers the switch from an astrocyte precursor to an oligodendrocyte precursor

A

There is a suppression of Delta – notch signaling and the precursive cell fuels the switch from APC to OPC

113
Q

When a donor is implanted in a host, does the donor grow its own selves or does the donor induce the host to grow its own

A

The donor induces

114
Q

What chemical signal molecules do the cells of the notochord

A

The Noto chores sells secrete the anti-BMP‘s

115
Q

Are anti-BMT permissive or instructive cues

A

They are permissive cues because they do not actively signal a cell to adopt a particular fate but they do serve to block a cell from entering and epidmal fate

116
Q

What regions of the nervous system arise from the margins of the Neuro plate

A

The neural crest and roof plate

117
Q

What happens to the shape imposition of pyramidal cells when the reelin gene is knocked out

A

They would take unusual paths and no longer reach toward the surface of the cortex; it will be a flit cortex with layer six at top

118
Q

What towels the axons of the old factory sensory neurons to hold off their invasion of the old factory bulb until the bulb neurons are there and ready

A

Sema-3a is the signaling molecule that prevents OSN axons from entering the brain until the bulbs are ready for them

119
Q

What type of precursor cell remains capable of proliferation in adult animals?

A

Radial glial cells form astrocytes in the sub ventricular zone that remain proliferative in adult mammals

120
Q

By the 25th day post conception, the brain and spinal cord for my simple tube with a couple of bends called what?

A

Flexure

121
Q

Where is the cervical flexure

A

It is at the junction of the spinal cord and rhombencephalon

122
Q

Where is the cephalic flexure

A

It is at the junction of the rhombenCephalon and mesencephalon

123
Q

What are the three parts of the brain that you can see by the 25th day

A

The caudal most rhombencephalon, the middle mesencephalon, and a rostro procencephalon

124
Q

What does the rhombencephalon split into

A

The Mylan Cephalon and the metencephalon

125
Q

What is the common terminology for the myelencephalon

A

The medulla

126
Q

What is the common name for the metencephalon

A

The pons and cerebellum

127
Q

What does the prosence Cephalon do

A

Diencephalon & telencephalon

128
Q

What is the common name for the mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

129
Q

How many days post conception does it take for the five segments of the brain to develop

A

35 days

130
Q

What results did we find when Spearman transplanting tissue in a different size are embryos and gastrula stage

A

Only transplants from the blastopore lip induced surface ectoderm to become Nuro ectoderm. V

131
Q

 In a second experiment what happened when they took the ectoderm from the dorsal cab before gastrulation and dissociation the sales

A

It automatically became neural tissue

Ncs (3 decks)

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