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EXCI 310 - fall 2022 > 03 - research designs > Flashcards

03 - research designs Flashcards

1
Q

Observational - define

A

When occurrences or changes in the independent variable occur as a result of natural history

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2
Q

Experimental - define

A

When occurrence or change in the IV is manipulated by the investigator

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3
Q

Synonym of observational studies

A

Nonexperimental study

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4
Q

Investigator decides who gets exposure (not the subjects)
Exposure is deliberately manipulated, intervention
May be done on individuals or groups/populations

A

Experimental studies

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5
Q

Types of observational designs (4)

A
  • Ecological studies
  • Cohort studies
  • Case-control studies
  • Cross-sectional studies
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6
Q

Retrospective - define

A

Assessment of the previous occurrence of dependent variable in an attempt to reconstruct an influencing factor

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7
Q

Prospective (longitudinal) - define

A

When the DV is observed overtime

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8
Q

Characteristics of cohort studies (4)

A
  • Studies of individuals
  • Begin by classifying subjects on the basis of their exposure
  • Subjects then followed up to determine the rate of the study outcome
  • May be prospective or retrospective
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9
Q

Characteristics of case-control studies (3)

A
  • Study of individuals
  • Begin by classifying subjects on the basis of their outcome
  • Then exposure is retrospectively ascertained for cases and control
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10
Q

What are cases?

A

Subjects with the outcome of interest

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11
Q

What are controls?

A

Subjects without the outcome of interest

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12
Q

Characteristics of cross-sectional studies (3)

A
  • Studies of individuals (ex: population survey)
  • Exposure and outcome status are simultaneously ascertained in all subjects
  • Because exposure and outcome are measured at the same time, it is often difficult to differentiate between cause and effect
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13
Q

Advantages of cohort studies (2)

A
  • Provides an absolute measure of risk
  • Allows the study of multiple disease outcome
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14
Q

Disadvantages of cohort studies (5)

A
  • Can be expensive
  • Time consuming
  • Ineffective for rare outcomes
  • Loss to follow-up
  • Can only assess risk factors at baseline
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15
Q

Advantages of case-control studies (3)

A
  • Quick(ish) and easy
  • Can be used for rare events
  • Can control for certain aspect
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16
Q

Disadvantages of case-control studies (4)

A
  • Cannot determine absolute risk
  • Subject to recall bias
  • Specifically associated with 1 factor/disease
  • Temporal relationship uncertain
17
Q

Advantages of cross-sectional surveys (2)

A
  • Quick and easy
  • Generates hypothesis
18
Q

Disadvantages of cross-sectional surveys (3)

A
  • No temporal relationship
  • Cannot define causation
  • Normally requires larger sample sizes
19
Q

3 types of experimental design (3)

A

Pre-experimental designs
Natural/quasi-experiments
True experiments

20
Q

Weakest degree of experimental control
No random assignments of participants
Control very few sources of invalidity

A

Pre-experimental designs

21
Q

3 types of pre-experimental designs

A
  1. One-shot design
  2. One-group pre- and post-design
  3. Static group comparison
22
Q
  • People are in a group for natural reasons they are not randomly assigned (ex: class, sports team)
  • An independent variable is introduced in a real world setting or occurs by chance
  • There is no randomization so groups may not be equivalent
A

Natural (quasi-) experiments

23
Q

3 types of quasi-experiments

A
  • Pre and post design
  • Repeated measures
  • Time series
24
Q

In randomized designs, the only difference between groups prior to treatment is due to ___ or __

A

Chance or sampling error

25
Q

The estimate of sampling error is called ___

A

Error

26
Q

The effect of the independent variable is called ___ or ___

A

Treatment or experimental variance

27
Q

What is the minimax principle?

A

Demonstrates how to minimize error variance while maximizing treatment variance

28
Q

Minimax principle is done through what? (3)

A
  • Randomization
  • Sample size
  • Use of a sound research design
29
Q

Gold standard in research
Randomization of participants + control group

A

True experimental designs

30
Q

2 types of true experimental designs

A

Post-test only
Pre- and post-test design

31
Q

What is the main effect - TED

A

Effects of each independent variables

EXCI 310 - fall 2022 (4 decks)

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