02 - the research paper Flashcards
2 types of research article (general)
Academic
Popular
Academic vs popular - title
Descriptive title vs catchy title
Academic vs popular - written by who
Experts vs journalists
Academic vs popular - authorship
Statement of authorship vs may not know who wrote it
Academic vs popular - Language
Scholarly language vs accessible language
Academic vs popular - Data
Detailed data vs simplified data
Academic vs popular - References
Includes references vs rarely cites sources
Academic vs popular - Review
Peer-reviewed vs not peer-reviewed
What type of article shows attention grabbing pictures?
Popular article
What are the main components of a research paper? (9)
- Title
- Author information
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
The title of an article should be __ and __
concise/brief and descriptive
Which one is the best?
A. Hematologic changes occurring as a result of exposure to various high-altitude
environments
B. Hematology and altitude.
C. Hematologic changes occurring at high altitude.
A
What is the abstract?
Condensed version of the paper
How many words is the average abstract?
250 words
T or F: the abstract can be unstructured or structured
TRUE
Difference between unstructured and structured abstract
Structured will be separated into subtopics vs summary for unstructured
What is the main aim of the introduction? (3)
- Sets the scene
- Describe a controversy, inconsistency, gap in what is known
- Goes broad to narrow
The introduction ends with what?
The purpose of the study and the hypothesis
3 types of variables
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Cofounding/co-variable/control variable
Independent variable - define
Variable that is manipulated
Predictor/exposure variable
Dependent variable - define
Variable in which we expect change
Outcome
Confounding/co-variable/control variable - define
Variable which can influence the relationship between the IV and DV
What is a hypothesis?
Any statement that describes the relationship between 2 or more variables, based on theory
What are the 2 key component of a hypothesis?
Independent variable and dependent variable
2 types of hyopthesis
Research and statistical
Research hypothesis
In words at the end of the introduction
Statistical hypothesis
Expressed in symbols, important for analyses
Hypothesis is either ___ or ___
Directional or null
What sections can be included in a methods section? (6)
- Participants
- Design
- Procedure
- Measures
- Data collection
- Data analytic strategy
What is included in the results section? (6)
- Description of the population
- Details of main analyses
- Details of secondary analyses
- Tables
- Figures
- Graphs
T or F: there may be interpretation in the results section
FALSE, should not be any
What are the aspects of a discussion? (6)
- Summary of findings
- Comparison with the results of other studies
- How the results relate to theory
- Secondary results
- Limitations and strengths
- Future directions
T or F: the discussion should go from ___ to ___
Narrow to broad
What is included in the acknowledgements/funding? (3)
- Who also helped on the study
- Who funded the study
- What conflicts might the authors have
What are the components of the list of references? (6)
- Names
- Date
- Title of article
- Title of journal
- Volume # and issue #
- Pages
2 types of source of information?
Primary references and secondary references
Primary references - original research article
reports data from a specific experiment
written by authors of the original work
addresses a specific issue
Secondary references - review paper
reports and summarizes data from many research papers
may be written by someone other than the authors of the original work
provides overview of a topic
2 types of academic article
Review article or research article
Structure of review article
Title
Abstract
Introduction
List of issues
Discussion
References
Structure of research article
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
In a review paper, what represents the bulk of the paper?
Literature review
What is a review paper?
Should be an analysis and critique of studies with each paragraph organized into subtopics
