03 NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
In biology, the ________________ is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
Nervous System
Your nervous system uses specialized cells called __________ to send signals, or messages, all over your body.
Neurons
The following are parts of the CNS, except?
A. Brain
B. Median nerve
C. Spinal cord
D. None of the above
B. Median Nerve
The nervous system consists of the:
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves.
Nervous System (3)
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
The _____________ is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
Embryonic Development of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord: Neural Tube (Superior to Inferior)
- Anterior (Rostral)
- Posterior (Caudal)
Embryonic Development of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord: Primary Brain Vesicles (Superior to Inferior)
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
What structures arise from the Telencephalon?
Cerebrum: Cerebral Hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
What structures arise from the Diencephalon?
Diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Epithalamus
What structures arise from the Mesencephalon?
Brain stem: Midbrain
What structures arise from the Metencephalon?
- Brain stem: Pons
- Cerebellum
What structures arise from the Myelencephalon?
Brain stem: Medulla Oblongata
Control center for registering sensations, correlating with stored information, making decisions and taking actions.
Brain
Brain
Outer:_______; Inner:_______
Outer: Gray; Inner: White
Contained within the cranial cavity
A. Cerebrospinal fluid
B. Spinal Cord
C. Brain
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
C. Brain
A long thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissues and support cells
Spinal Cord
This extends from the medulla oblongata in the brain stem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
Outer: _____; Inner: _____
Outer: White; Inner: Gray
What complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body?
Brain
TRUE OR FALSE: Your brain is an essential organ that controls few body functions.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Your brain receives and interprets all the sensory information you encounter, like sights, sounds, smells and tastes.
TRUE
Major Parts of the Adult Brain (4)
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain Stem
- Diencephalon
The seat of intelligence
Cerebrum
Part of the brain that provide us the ability to read, write and speak
Cerebrum
Lobes of the Brain (4)
o Frontal lobes
o Occipital lobes
o Parietal lobes
o Temporal lobes
This is the lobe that controls voluntary movement, speech and intellect.
Frontal lobes
These lobes in the back of your brain allow you to notice and interpret visual information.
Occipital lobes
This _________ lobe integrates many sensory inputs so that you can understand your environment and the state of your body.
Parietal lobes
The ___________ lobes are important in being able to recall words or places that you’ve been. It also helps you recognize people, understand language and interpret other people’s emotions.
Temporal lobes
TRUE OR FALSE: Your right brain hemisphere is often the “dominant” hemisphere
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Your left brain hemisphere is often the “dominant” hemisphere — this apply to everyone.
FALSE
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Analytical Thought
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Detailed Oriented Perception
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Ordered Sequencing
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Rational Thought
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Verbal
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Cautious
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Planning
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Math/Science
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Logic
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Right Field Vision
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Right Side Motor Skills
LEFT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Left Side Motor Skills
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Intuitive Thought
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Holistic Perception
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Random Sequencing
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Emotional Thought
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Non-verbal
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Adventurous
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Impulse
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Creative Writing/Art
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Imagination
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT OR RIGHT BRAIN: Left Vision Field
RIGHT BRAIN
(2) Kinds of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) is mostly known as _________.
Stroke
______________ is due to the loss of blood supply to an area of the brain.
Ischemic
________________is due to bleeding into the brain by the rupture of a blood vessel.
Hemorrhagic
(3) Clinical Correlation: Brain Injuries
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) o “Stroke”
Brain Tumors
Alzheimer ’s disease
This occupies the posterior and inferior aspects of cranial cavity
Cerebellum
Governs balance and coordinates skilled movements
Cerebellum
Part of the brain lying posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons
Cerebellum
The “little brain”
Cerebellum
Forms a central core of the brain tissue just superior to the midbrain
Diencephalon
Contains numerous nuclei involved in a wide variety of sensory and motor processing between higher and lower brain centers
Diencephalon
The _______________ is involved in many crucial bodily functions including coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms (the sleep wake cycle).
Diencephalon
The three major subdivisions of the diencephalon includes:
The three major subdivisions of the diencephalon include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the epithalamus.
“Relay center of the brain”
Thalamus
Makes up 80% of the diencephalon
Thalamus
Small part of diencephalon located inferior to the thalamus.
Hypothalamus
Controls and integrates activities of autonomic nervous system.
Hypothalamus
Produces hormones (releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
Hypothalamus
Small region superior and posterior to the thalamus
Epithalamus
Consists of pineal gland (secretes melatonin) and habenular nuclei (involved in olfaction).
Epithalamus
Contains sensory and motor tracts
Midbrain
The top part of the brainstem which is crucial for regulating eye movements
Midbrain
Contains nuclei of origin for oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves.
Midbrain
The middle portion of the brainstem coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance
Pons
Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts.
Medulla Oblongata
Contains vital centers for breathing, consciousness, vomiting, swallowing, motor skills etc.
Medulla Oblongata
Contains nuclei of origin for trigeminal (v), abducens (vi), facial (vii), and vestibulocochlear (viii) nerves
Pons
Diagnostic radiograph used primarily for orthodontic treatment planning
Cephalometric X-ray
Used extensively in orthodontics to assess the relationships of the teeth to the jaws and the jaws to the rest of the facial skeleton
Cephalometric X-ray
Largest part of the brain?
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Diencephalon
d. Brainstem
a. Cerebrum
Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and
epithalamus?
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Diencephalon
d. Brainstem
c. Diencephalon
Arises from the primitive telencephalon?
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Diencephalon
d. Brainstem
a. Cerebrum
Continuous with the spinal cord?
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Diencephalon
d. Brainstem
d. Brainstem
Governs balance, coordination and skilled movements
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Diencephalon
d. Brainstem
b. Cerebellum
TRUE OR FALSE: The anterior/ventral part of Spinal cord is for motor
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The posterior/dorsal part of Spinal cord is for motor.
FALSE. The posterior/dorsal part of Spinal cord is for SENSORY.
(3) Spinal Cord Injury
Traumatic injuries
Cord compression
Tumors
______________________ happens when pressure on the spinal cord stops the nerves working normally.
Spinal cord compression
Manifestations of Spinal Cord Injuries
Paraplegia/Tetraplegia
Sensory deficits
Bowel and bladder dysfunctions
Sexual dysfunction
___________________ is a paralysis starting in the thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5) or sacral (S1-S5) area.
Paraplegia
_____________ (sometimes referred to as quadriplegia) is a term used to describe the inability to voluntarily move the upper and lower parts of the body. The areas of impaired mobility usually include the fingers, hands, arms, chest, legs, feet and toes and may or may not include the head, neck, and shoulders.
Tetraplegia
Three layers of membranes known as __________________ protect the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
Meninges: three protective connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and the brain: (Superficial to deep)
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
TRUE OR FALSE: Spinal meninges are continuous with the cranial meninges
TRUE
The meninges separate three spaces called the: (3)
The meninges separate three spaces called the epidural space, subarachnoid space, and the subdural space.
An __________________ is a collection of blood that forms between your skull and the dura mater, the outermost protective membrane covering your brain.
Epidural Hematoma
A ____________________ is a buildup of blood on the surface of the brain. The blood builds up in a space between the protective layers that surround your brain.
Subdural Hematoma
TRUE OR FALSE: Nerves that extend throughout the body on both sides emerging directly from brain and brain stem are called spinal nerves.
FALSE. Cranial nerves.
How many pairs are in Cranial Nerves?
12 pairs
How many pairs are in Spinal Nerves?
31 pairs
This nerve pass through various foramina in the bones of the cranium
Cranial Nerves
What is I cranial nerve?
Olfactory
What is II cranial nerve?
Optic
What is III cranial nerve?
Oculomotor
What is IV cranial nerve?
Trochlear
What is V cranial nerve?
Trigeminal
What is VI cranial nerve?
Abducens
What is VII cranial nerve?
Facial
What is VIII cranial nerve?
Vestibulocochlear
What is X cranial nerve?
Vagus
What is IX cranial nerve?
Glossopharyngeal
What is XI cranial nerve?
Accessory
What is the function of Olfactory?
Sensory
What is XII cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal
What is the function of Optic?
Sensory
What is the function of Oculomotor?
Motor
What is the function of Trochlear?
Motor
What is the function of Trigeminal?
Mixed
What is the function of Abducens?
Motor
What is the function of Facial nerve?
Mixed
What is the function of Vestibulocochlear nerve?
Sensory
What is the function of Glossopharyngeal nerve?
Mixed
What is the function of Accessory nerve?
Motor
What is the function of Vagus nerve?
Mixed
What is the function of Hypoglossal nerve?
Motor
Loss of sense of smell
Can be from CN I injury
Anosmia
Drooping of eyelid CN III damage
Ptosis
Both eyes do not fix on the same object; CN III, IV or VI damage
Strabismus
Double vision; CN III, IV or VI damage
Diplopia
Cranial VII injury
A neurological disorder that causes paralysis or weakness on one side of the face.
“Bell’s” palsy
Nerves that merges from the spinal cord
Spinal Nerves
Parallel bundles of axons and their associated neuroglial cells wrapped in several layers of connective tissue
Spinal Nerves
Connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body
Spinal Nerves
Spinal nerves exit at: Above
C1 to c7: above
Spinal nerves exit at: Below
T1 to l5: below
Disc bulge, protrusion, extrusion and sequestration
Herniated Disc and Spinal Nerve
All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nerves
Branches of Peripheral Nerves. (Superior to Inferior)
- Cervical Plexus
- Brachial Plexus
- Lumbar Plexus
- Sacral Plexus
___________________ is a common neurological disorder that occurs when the median nerve, which runs from your forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
_______ refers to pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the leg. It is caused by injury to or pressure on the sciatic nerve.
Sciatica
What lobe of the brain is responsible for visual processing?
Occipital lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for speech?
Frontal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for motor cortex?
Frontal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for sensory cortex?
Parietal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for problem hearing?
Temporal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for sense of sight?
Occipital lobes
What lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing?
Temporal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for cognition?
Frontal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for sound?
Temporal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for sense of touch and pressure?
Parietal lobe
