01 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY Flashcards
_________ is the study of the structure of the body of an organism. It is the branch of biology that focuses on the bodily structure of living things.
Anatomy
What are the four fundamental plane?
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
4.Oblique
What are the three fundamental sections?
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
Divides the body or organ into right and left
Sagittal Plane
Divides body or organ into front and back portions
Frontal Plane
Divides body or organ into upper and lower portions
Transverse Plane
It passes through body or organ at an oblique angle
Oblique Plane
Divides body or organ into equal left and right sides
Midsagittal Plane
Divides body or organ into unequal left and right sides
Parasagittal Plane
This refers to the specific body orientation used when describing and individual’s anatomy.
Anatomical Position
It refers to a body lying on its back (face up)
Supine
It refers to a body lying on its belly (face down)
Prone
This is a longitudinal line drawn from any part of the body to or beyond the head.
Cephalic Direction
This is a longitudinal line drawn from any part of the body to or beyond the tail. It is the opposite of the cephalic direction.
Caudal Direction
What is anatomical position?
The subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward.
Toward or on the surface of the body.
Superficial
Away from the surface of the body.
Deep
On the same side of the body as another structure.
Ipsilateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
Contralateral
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Posterior/Dorsal
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Anterior/Ventral
Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.
Superior
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.
Inferior
Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).
Medial
Farther from the midline.
Lateral
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
Proximal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
Distal
This very basic level can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
Chemical level
This level is where molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
Cellular level
This level is were groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences.
Tissue level
At the ______level, different types of tissues are joined together. Similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs, organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
Organ Level
A level where consists of related organs with a common function
System level
Structural Organization of the Human Body (6)
- Chemical level.
- Cellular level.
- Tissue level.
- Organ level.
- System level.
- Organismal level.
11 Systems of the Body
1, Urinary System
2. Reproductive System
3. Respiratory System
4. Cardiovascular System
5. Nervous System
6. Endocrine System
7. Lymphatic System
8. Muscular System
9. Skeletal System
10. Integumentary System
11. Digestive Sytsem
Components: Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
Functions: Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.
Integumentary System
Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
Skeletal System
Components: Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue— muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac).
Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.
Muscular System
Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).
Endocrine System
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Nervous System
Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
Cardiovascular System
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
Lymphatic System
Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
Digestive System
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.
Urinary System
Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males).
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
Reproductive System
Regions of the Body
- Principal Region head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs
- Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic regions
3.Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral - Abdominal Regions
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Liver, Gallbladder, Small Intestine, Right Kidney
Right Hypochondriac
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen, Adrenal Glands
Epigastric Region
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas
Left Hypochondriac
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon
Right Lumbar
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Umbilicus (navel), Part of small intestine, Duodenum.
Umbilical Region
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Descending Colon, Left Kidney.
Left Lumbar
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon.
Left Iliac
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female Reproductive System.
Hypogastric Region
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Appendix, Cecum.
Right Iliac
Abdominal Regions (9)
- Right hypochondriac Region
- Right lumbar Region
- Right Iliac Region
- Epigastric Region
- Umbilical Region
- Hypogastric Region
- Left hypochondriac Region
- Left lumbar Region
- Left iliac Region
____________ are spaces that enclose internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another.
Body Cavities
A cavity formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
Cranial Cavity
A cavity that contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.
Thoracic Cavity
A cavity formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
Vertebral Cavity
A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
Pleural cavity
A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
Pericardial Cavity
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
Mediastinum
A cavity subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity
A cavity that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine.
Abdominal cavity
A cavity contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Pelvic cavity
