03 Neoplasia

Question 1

most common cancers

Answer 1

1. breast/prostate 2. lung 3. colon

Question 2

most common cancer deaths

Answer 2

1. lung 2. breast/prostate 3. colon

Question 3

carcinoma - tissue and route it spreads

Answer 3

epithelium, lymphatics - regional draining nodes

Question 4

sarcoma - tissue and spread

Answer 4

connective tissue (mesodermal), spreads via blood

Question 5

oncogene - normal and mutated

Answer 5

normally for basic growth, repair, and differentiation. mutation leads to sustained activity of gene

Question 6

tumor suppressor genes - function, 2 examples, mechanism of cancer

Answer 6

normally protect against unregulated cell growth – regulate G1 –> S transition
require “double hit”
1. p53 – if repair is not possible, it revs up BAX which turns off Bcl2
2. Rb - holds E2F transcription factor until told to let go by Cyclin D1/CDK4

Question 7

growth factor assoc with astrocytoma

Answer 7

PDGF

Question 8

growth factor receptor assoc with GIST? MEN 2?

Answer 8

GIST = KIT

MEN 2 = RET

Question 9

smoking causes cancer in which organs/tissues? (6)

Answer 9

oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, pancreas

Question 10

cancer assoc w/ vinyl chloride (PVC)

Answer 10

liver angiosarcoma

Question 11

cancers assoc with EBV (3)

Answer 11

nasopharyngeal, Burkitt, CNS lymphoma in AIDS

Question 12

virus assoc. with Kaposi sarcoma (not HIV)

Answer 12

HHV-8

Question 13

ionizing radiation - 3 cancers

Answer 13

AML, CML, papillary thyroid

Question 14

nonionizing radiation - main type, mechanism, 3 cancers

Answer 14

UVB sunlight; pyrimidine dimers; basal cell, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

Question 15

what normally fixes pyrimidine dimers? associated disease when defective?

Answer 15

restriction endonuclease

xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 16

t(14;18) Bcl2

Answer 16

follicular lymphoma

Question 17

t(11;14) cyclin D1

Answer 17

mantle cell lymphoma

Question 18

how do tumor cells invade BM

Answer 18

attach to laminin and destroy it with collagenase

Question 19

vimentin

Answer 19

mesenchyme

Question 20

GFAP

Answer 20

neuroglia

Question 21

chromogranin

Answer 21

neuroendocrine (carcinoid, small cell lung)

Question 22

S-100

Answer 22

melanoma, schwannoma, langerhans

Question 23

what makes a tumor “high” grade

Answer 23

poorly differentiated i.e. does not look like parent tissue