01 cell growth, injury, death

Question 1

keratomalacia

Answer 1

stratified keratinizing squamous metaplasia of conjuctiva. Vitamin A deficiency. Normal = simple squamous.

Question 2

hypoxemia values

Answer 2

PaO2 <60 mm SaO2 <90%

Question 3

CO poisoning Sx

Answer 3

cherry red skin, headache

Question 4

methemoglobinemia - phys, Sx, Tx

Answer 4

Fe3+ cannot bind O2; normal PaO2, low SaO2; drugs (sulfas, nitrates) or newborns; chocolate blood; methylene blue

Question 5

why does hypoxemia damage cells

Answer 5

now ATP –> Na-K pump and Ca2+ fail –> water, Na+, and Ca2+ buildup INSIDE; lactic acid builds up, low pH

Question 6

loss of nucleus - 3 stages

Answer 6

pyknosis (condensation, karyorrhexis (fragmentation), karyolysis (dissolution)

Question 7

liquifactive necrosis - mechanism

Answer 7

proteolytic enzymes from microglia, neutrophils, or pancreas

Question 8

gangrene necrosis - cause and locations

Answer 8

ischemia of lower limbs and GI tract

Question 9

fat necrosis mechanism

Answer 9

saponification - fatty acids combine with calcium

Question 10

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 10

necrotic damage of blood vessels wall due to leakage of proteins - stains bright pink

Question 11

intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis

Answer 11

cell/DNA damage or loss of hormone signals –> Bcl2 turns OFF –> cytochrome C leaks from inner mitochondrial membrane –> activates caspases –> activate proteases and endonucleases

Question 12

extrinsic apoptosis - 2 mechanisms

Answer 12

A. FAS ligand binds FAS death receptor (CD 95) - i.e. negative selection of T cells
B. TNF binds TNF receptor

Question 13

most harmful free radical + 2 causes and mechanism of damage

Answer 13

hydroxyl (OH-)
ionizing radiation, metals (copper and iron)
peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of DNA and proteins

Question 14

name 4 antioxidants

Answer 14

vitamins A,C,E and glutathione

Question 15

3 enzymes that handle free radicals, their location, and mechanism

Answer 15

1. SOD - mitochondria; makes H2O2
2. Glutathione peroxidase - mitochrondria
3. Catalase - peroxisomes; turns H2O2 into O2 and H2O

Question 16

carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) i.e. dry cleaners

Answer 16

converted to CCl3 via p450 in hepatocytes –> kills proteins –> loss of apolipoproteins –> fatty change in liver

Question 17

systemic amyloidosis - 2 types

Answer 17

1. AL from Ig light chain, i.e. multiple myeloma
2. AA from SAA - acute phase reactant - chronic inflam
   * #1 organ involved = kidneys – nephrotic

Question 18

familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

Answer 18

mutated transthyretin deposits in heart - restrictive – BLACK people

Question 19

DM II amyloid type

Answer 19

Amylin from insulin deposits in pancreas

Question 20

dialyis amyloid

Answer 20

Beta-2 microglobulin deposits in joints

Question 21

“tumor cells on amyloid background”

Answer 21

calcitonin in medullary thrydoid cancer