Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RM > 03 > Flashcards

03 Flashcards

1
Q

what do inferential statistics allow to?

A

allow to generalize from the sample to the population, which the sample represents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why are inferential statistics crucial?

A

are crucial because the effects that researchers find in a study may be due to random variability caused by sampling error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the variables in experimental research?

A

independent variable and dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

The variable that is manipulated (e.g. a treatment).
-> continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

The variable that is measured (e.g. the outcome of a treatment)
-> Continuous or discrete/categorical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the relationship between IV and DV?

A

IV -> DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is hypothesis testing?

A

a statistical inference procedure for determining whether a given proposition about a population parameter should be rejected on the basis of observed sample data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the goal of hypothesis testing?

A

goal of hypothesis testing is to make inferences about a population based on a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the null hypothesis?

A

there is no difference in the population(H0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is it called when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis?

A

type I error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is in called when you incorrectly fail to reject the null hypothesis?

A

type II error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the alternative hypothesis?

A

there is a difference in the population (Ha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the types of alternative hypotheses?

A

Directional alternative hypothesis
Non-directional alternative hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the Non-directional alternative hypothesis?

A

The direction of the effect is not determined
Delayed reward leads to either slower or faster learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the Directional alternative hypothesis?

A

The direction of the effect is determined
Delayed reward leads to slower learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the potential outcomes of hypothesis testing?

A

reject the null hypothesis
fail to reject the null hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does rejecting the null hypothesis not mean?

A

that the alternative hypothesis is true
* The alternative hypothesis (H1) is never proven true in an absolute sense
* It is only demonstrated that the null hypothesis is very unlikely given the data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does failing to reject the null hypothesis not mean?

A

This does not mean that the null hypothesis is true but only that evidence against the null hypothesis is not convincing enough to reject it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the steps for hypothesis testing?

A

1) state the hypothesis
2) set the criteria for a decision
3) compute the test statistic
4) make a decision

20
Q

what is the level of significance?

A

refers to a criterion of judgment upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis. The criterion is based on the probability of obtaining a statistic measured in a sample if the value stated in the null hypothesis were true.

21
Q

what does the significance level represent?

A

the maximum acceptable probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis (type I error)

22
Q

what % is the significance level in psychology usually?

A

5% or 1%

23
Q

The significance level determines how … one is to reject the null-hypothesis

A

conservative

24
Q

If one has a non-directional hypothesis one needs to carry out a …

A

two-failed test

25
Q

what is the test statistic?

A

is a mathematical formula that allows researchers to determine the likelihood of obtaining sample outcomes if the null hypothesis were true

26
Q

what is the value of a test statistic used for?

A

to make a decision regarding the null hypothesis

27
Q

what is the decision based on?

A

the probability of obtaining a sample mean, given that the value stated in the null hypothesis is true

28
Q

what is the decision when the probability of obtaining a sample mean is less than the significance level?

A

decision is to reject the null hypothesis

29
Q

what is the decision when the probability of obtaining a sample mean is greater than the significance level?

A

decision is to retain the null hypothesis

30
Q

(1- α)

A

The decision to retain the null hypothesis could be correct

31
Q

(α)

A

The decision to reject the null hypothesis could be incorrect

32
Q

(β)

A

The decision to retain the null hypothesis could be incorrect

33
Q

(1- β)

A

The decision to reject the null hypothesis could be correct

34
Q

which error is it when the decision to reject the null hypothesis could be incorrect

A

type I error (α)

35
Q

which error is it when the decision to retain the null hypothesis could be incorrect

A

type II error (β)

36
Q

what is type I error?

A

probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true

37
Q

what are the consequences of type I error?

A

Type I can be bad, because it might mislead researchers to believe that a manipulation or treatment is effective while in fact it is not

38
Q

what is type II error?

A

the probability of retaining a false null hypothesis

39
Q

what are the consequences of type I error?

A

Type II may not be so bad, if it is understood that the manipulation or treatment may still have an effect (we fail to reject the null hypothesis, but we do not reject the alternative hypothesis)

40
Q

what is the power in hypothesis testing?

A

the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis

41
Q

what is (1-ß)?

A

statistical power

42
Q

what is the power of a hypothesis test denied as?

A

the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the treatment does have an effect (rule of thumb: minimum of 80%)

43
Q

what does statistical power depend on?

A

effect size
alpha level
sample size

44
Q

which effect size means more power?

A

larger effect size

45
Q

which alpa level means more power?

A

liberal alpha level

46
Q

which sample size means more power?

A

larger sample size

RM (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions