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002 > 02 - Bone, Skeleton And Joints > Flashcards

02 - Bone, Skeleton And Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone?

A

A rigid connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A 
Protection
Movement
Attachment points
Make blood cells
Mineral storage
Energy store
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3
Q

What is dense bone called?

A

Compact

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4
Q

What is spongy bone called?

A

Cancellous

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5
Q

Where is compact bone bound?

A

Immediately underneath the periosteum of all bones

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6
Q

What is compact bone made of?

A

Repeating structural units called osteons §

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7
Q

Where does cancellous bone get its strength from?

A

The trabeculae pattern

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8
Q

What are the different bone classifications?

A 
Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Seasomoid
Structural (wormian)
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9
Q

What defines a long bone?

A

The the shaft is longer than the diaphysis

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10
Q

What defines short bones?

A

They don’t have a defined diaphysis

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11
Q

What defines a seasamoid bone?

A

A bone that sits inside a tendon

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12
Q

What is the function of seasamoid bones?

A

To reduce friction on bones

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13
Q

What defines sutras bones?

A

They are found in the skull

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14
Q

What do bones contain?

A

Abundant extra cellular matrix

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15
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

A

Organic matrix (30%) containing: GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, osteoconectin and osteocalcin.

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16
Q

What is almost 70% of bone made of?

A

A bone mineral called hydroxyapatite

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17
Q

What are the collagen fibres in bone made of?

A

Mostly type 1 collagen fibres (90%), with some type V. Only 25% of bone is water

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18
Q

What is the most abundant mineral salt in bone?

A

Calcium phosphate

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19
Q

Calcium phosphate combine with other mineral salts to form crystals of what?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

What is the tissue called before the extracellular matrix is calcified?

A

Osteoid tissue

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21
Q

What does impaired calcification result in?

A

Higher levels of osteoid tissue than normal

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22
Q

What does calcification occur only in the presence of?

A

Collagen fibres 0 salts and crystallise in the spaces between the fibres, then accumulate around them

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23
Q

What is calcification initiated by?

A

Bone building cells called osteoblasts

24
Q

What is an osteoprogenitor cell?

A

An unspecialised bone stem cell derived from embryonic mesenchyme (the tissue almost all connective tissues are formed from)

25
Q

What are the bone cells that undergo cell division called and become osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

26
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

Along the inner portion if the periosteum and endosteum

27
Q

What do mature osteoblasts become?

A

Osteocytes

28
Q

Do osteoblasts undergo cell division?

A

No

29
Q

What is an osteoblasts function?

A

Bone building cells

30
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Synthesise and secrete collagen fibres and GAGs

31
Q

Where do osteoblasts become trapped and mature?

A

Extracellular matrix

32
Q

What are osteocytes and what do they do?

A

Mature bone cells

The main cell in bone tissue and maintain daily functions such as nutrient and waste exchange with blood

33
Q

Do osteocytes undergo cell division?

A

No

34
Q

What ar osteocytes and what are they formed by?

A

They are very large cells formed by the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (white blood cell)

35
Q

Where are osteoclasts concentrated?

A

In the endosteum

36
Q

What do osteoclasts release?

A

Powerful enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral elements of extracellular bone matrix

37
Q

What can osteoclasts help regulate?

A

Blood calcium levels in response to certain hormones

38
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period and direct ossification begins

39
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage models of bone form from mesenchyme during fetal period, bone then replaces cartilage

40
Q

What are the two divisions in the Skeleton?

A

Axial

Appendicular

41
Q

Do fibrous joints have space?

A

No

42
Q

Do cartilaginous joints have space?

A

No

43
Q

Do synovial joints have space?

A

Yes - a synovial cavity separating the bones

44
Q

What are the two types of fibrous joint?

A

Suture and syndesmosis

45
Q

What is the tightest of all joints?

A

Suture

46
Q

What do cartilaginous joints allow?

A

Little or no movement

47
Q

What joins the bones in joints?

A

A mix of cartilage and fibrous tissue

48
Q

What is the principle type of joint in a cartilaginous joint?

A

A symphysis

49
Q

What are synovial joints characterised by?

A

A joint (articular capsule)
A ligament extending from one bone to another
articulating cartilages
A joint (synovial) space

50
Q

What does the articular capsule do?

A

Surrounds and reinforces the joint

51
Q

How many layers does the articular capsule have and what do they do?

A

2 - inner and outer. The inner is the synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid. The outer is a fibrous capsule and is composed of dense CT and adheres to bone and either end of joint space

52
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

53
Q

What are ligaments composed of?

A

Collagen

54
Q

What are ligaments and how do they work?

A

They are viscoelastic structures which gradually lengthen when under tension, and return to their original shape when the tension is removed

55
Q

Are ligaments intrinsic or extrinsic

A

Both

56
Q

What does articular cartilage do?

A

Cover the ends of bones which form the joint, the cartilage protects the bone from the effects of friction and compression and their position helps maintaining joint alignment

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