02 - anesthetic and sedative agents

Question 1

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

1. what four classes used for standing restraint/relax before anesthesia?

Answer 1

1. a2 agonists
2. phenothiazine
3. benzodiazepines
4. mixed opiod agonists-antagonists

Question 2

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(a2 agonists)

1. sedatives with or without analgesia?
2. include what 4?

Answer 2

1. with
2. xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine, romifidine

(deto and rom more potent than xylazine)

Question 3

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(a2 agonists)

1. cause decrease in release of what?
2. profound muscle relaxation
3. potent visceral analgesics
4. peripheral vasoconstriction or dilation?

increased or decreased BP?

HR?

Answer 3

1. catecholamines
2. constriction

increase

decrease

Question 4

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(a2 agonists)

(disadvantages)

1. can have what effect on intestinal motility?
2. may make horses more irritable and likely to bite or kick even though they appear sedate

Answer 4

1. decrease it

Question 5

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(a2 agonists)

1. can be combined with what two things to potentiate the sedative effects?

Answer 5

1. butorphanol or acepromazine (or both)

Question 6

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(a2 antagonists)

1. what three?

Answer 6

1. yohimibine
2. tolazoline (only one approved for use in horse)
3. atipamezole

Question 7

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(phenothiazine tranquilizers)

1. two examples?
2. dopaminergic agonists or antagonists?

Answer 7

1. promazine, acetylpromazine
2. antagonists

Question 8

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(phenothiazine tranquilizers)

1. decreased avoidance response
2. peripheral vasodilation or constriciton?

blood pressure?

3. can cause what in males?

Answer 8

2. dilation

decreased

3. priapism (persistent erection)

Question 9

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(phenothiazine tranquilizers)

1. increasing dose doesn’t increase sedation
2. show little effect in excited horses

Question 10

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(phenothiazine tranquilizers)

(contraindication)

1. neonates, hypovolemic patients, surgical colics, anemic patients

Question 11

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(phenothiazine tranquilizers)

1. what is the antagonist?

Answer 11

1. trick! there isn’t one…

Question 12

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(benzodiazepine tranqs)

1. extra label in horse, not used for routine standing restraint
2. seldom used alone
3. cause decreased anxiety and muscle relaxation

Question 13

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(benzodiazepine tranqs)

1. what is the antagonist?

Answer 13

1. flumazenil

Question 14

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(opiod agonists-antagonists)

1. what is the main one used in horse?

Answer 14

1. butorphanol

(also morphine, meperidine, methadone)

Question 15

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(opiod agonists-antagonists)

1. may cause CNS excitement, so combine with what?

Answer 15

1. sedative or tranq

Question 16

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(opiod agonists-antagonists)

1. antagonist?

Answer 16

1. naloxone

Question 17

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(anticholinergics)

1. what two?

Answer 17

1. atropine, glycopyrrolate

(not used routinely)

Question 18

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(anticholinergics)

1. useful for treating a2-agonist induced bradycardia and AV block, oculo-cardiac reflex, and organophosphate poisoning

Question 19

(anesthetic and sedative agents)

(anticholinergics)

1. main side effect?

Answer 19

1. colic (causes reduced peristalsis of the intestinal tract)