02 - Acute inflammation

Question 1

characteristic cell of acute inflammation

Answer 1

neutrophil polymorph

Question 2

What is a rapid host response

Answer 2

delivers white cells and plasma proteins/ such as antibodies

Question 3

Physical characteristics inflammation

Answer 3

REDNESS (rubor)
HEAT (calor)
SWELLING (tumour)
PLAIN (dolor)
LOSS OF FUNCTION (function laesa)

Question 4

Causes acute inflammation

Answer 4

physical agents + Infections + hypersensitivity reactions + chemicals + Tissue necrosis

Question 5

Serous inflammation

Answer 5

thin fluid from plasma or mesothelial secretions

Question 6

major components of acute inflammation

Answer 6

1. changes vessel calibre
2. increased vascular permeability + fluid exudate formation
3. Cellular exudate formation

Question 7

Exudate

Answer 7

extravascular fluid with high prot. conc. containing cellular debris

Question 8

transudate

Answer 8

low protein, little or no cellular component

Question 9

oedema

Answer 9

excessive fluid in interstitial tissue / serous cavities

Exudate or transudate

Question 10

Pus

Answer 10

inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils, dead cell debris and microbes

Question 11

what mediates vasodilation

Answer 11

histamine + NO

on vascular smooth muscle

Question 12

how does formation of fluid exudate affect microvasculature

Answer 12

increases permeability to allow escape of exudate into tissue

Question 13

What increases permeability of microvasculature

Answer 13

chemical mediators = histamine, NO, leukotriene
Direct vascular injury = trauma
Endothelial injury = bacteria and toxins

Question 14

susceptibility to histamine

Answer 14

CNS –> insensitive

skin, conjuctiva, bronchial mucosa –> sensitive

Question 15

How does acute inflammation affect hydrostatic pressure

Answer 15

increased

Question 16

what effect does plasma proteins escaping into the extravascular space have?

Answer 16

increases colloid osmotic pressure

More fluid leaves vessels –> exudation

Question 17

effects of fluid exudate

Answer 17

dilution of toxins

entry of antibodies

transport of drugs

fibrin formation

delivery of nutrients and oxygen

stimulation of immune response

Question 18

How does exudate leaving cells effect the blood

Answer 18

slows blood flow

increases viscosity –> stasis

Question 19

neutrophils move towards vessels

Answer 19

modulation

Question 20

neutrophils adhere + stick to vessels

Answer 20

pavementing

Question 21

neutrophil polymorphs move through vessel wall

Answer 21

migration

Question 22

Where neutrophils produced

Answer 22

bone marrow

Question 23

movement of neutrophils

Answer 23

directional chemotaxis

Question 24

chemical mediators of vasodilation

Answer 24

migration of neutrophils

Question 25

histamine affect acute inflammation

Answer 25

increase vascular dilation

Permeability

Question 26

prostaglandins affect acute inflammation

Answer 26

inflammation + oedema

Question 27

origins of prostaglandins

Answer 27

it is a long chain fatty acid from arachnoid acid

Question 28

leukotrienes affect acute inflammation

Answer 28

vasoactive properties

Question 29

origins of leukotrienes

Answer 29

from arachnoid acid

Question 30

Plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 30

complement system

kinin system

coagulation system

Fibrinolytic system

Question 31

how do cycloxygenase inhibitors affect vasodilation pathways

Answer 31

inhibit pathway, reducing levels of prostaglandins

these are drugs which can be used to limit the inflammatory process

Question 32

general effects of inflammation

Answer 32

pyrexia
lymph node enlargement
nausea, malaise, anorexia
leukocytosis

Question 33

harmful effects inflammation

Answer 33

digestion normal tissue e.g abscess cavities
Swelling e.g acute epiglottis
inappropriate inflammatory response e.g hay fever