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MoD > 01 - Cell injury and Cell death > Flashcards

01 - Cell injury and Cell death Flashcards

1
Q

2 types irreversible cell injury

A

necrosis + apoptosis

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2
Q

Process creating more cells

A

hyperplasia

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3
Q

Process creating bigger cells

A

hypertrophy

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4
Q

Transformation one type differentiated cell into another type

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

How does smoke affect columnar cilia cells

A

paralyses stopping mucous clearance

Columnar epith. –> squamous epith.

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6
Q

what causes mechanical disruption to cells

A

Trauma + Osmotic pressure

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7
Q

what causes energy failures to cells

A

Oxygen lack + glucose lack + Mitochondrial failure

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8
Q

what causes membrane damage to cells

A

free radicals

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9
Q

what causes DNA damage or loss to cells

A

ionising radiation + chemotherapy + free radicals

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10
Q

what causes blockage of metabolic pathways to cells

A

interruption of protein synth. + resp. poisons + hormone/growth factor lack

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11
Q

what causes issues to membrane integrity to cells

A

damage to ion pumps + Complement or perforin + bacterial toxins

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12
Q

What are free radicals

A

VERY reactive mol.

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13
Q

How are free radicals produced

A

by products from other biochemical reactions

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14
Q

Mechanism of injury by free radicals

A

damages proteins and nucleic acid by apoptosis

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15
Q

What detoxifies free radicals

A

superoxide dimutase and antioxidase e.g Vit. A, C & E

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16
Q

how do infectious organisms affect cells

A

hijacking cell machinery by viral infection –> cell lysis

Then collateral damage by inflammation

17
Q

Physiological signals inducing apoptosis

A

embryogenesis
Involution
Elimination of self-reacting lymphocytes

18
Q

Pathologyical signals inducing apoptosis

A

DNA/protein damage
Viral infections
Cell killing by cytotoxic T-cells

CHEMO/radiotherapy

19
Q

What is over expressed in Follicular lymphoma

A

anti apoptotic BCL-2

inhibits apoptotic cell death causing cells to accumulate

20
Q

Distinct morphological types of Necrosis

A

COAGULATIVE - most common
CASEUOUS - tuberculosis
COLLIQUATIVE - brain
GANGRENE - wet and dry

21
Q

Description coagulative necrosis

A

denaturation intracytoplasmic protein where dead tissue becomes firm and slightly swollen

(typical of ischaemic injury)

22
Q

Description colliquative necrosis

A

neural tissue little supporting tissue thus liquefies upon cell death –> marked by CYST

Brain not have a collagenous tissue framework

23
Q

Description Caseous Necrosis

A

charasteric tuberculosis + Cheese like

granulomatous inflammation = dead tissue lacks any structure

24
Q

Dry gangrene

A

applies gradual hypoxic coagulative necrosis of lower limbs

25
Q

Wet gangrene

A

Liquefactive action of superimposed bacterial infection

MoD (3 decks)

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