Sampling Etc

Question 1

Define theory

Answer 1

coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

is a specific prediction about a new phenomenon that should be observed if a particular theory is accurate

Question 3

Attributes of a good theory

Answer 3

falsifiable: a theory must be formulated precisely enough to be falsifiable

Parsimonious: A theory must be formulated so that it includes the minimum number of constructs and assumptions needed to explain the phenomenon adequately and predict future research outcomes

Question 4

Construct

Answer 4

• a psychological construct is a label for a cluster or domain of covarying behaviours
• it is a tool to facilitate understanding of human behaviour
• constructs are not directly observable

Question 5

Operational definition

Answer 5

A description of a construct in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured

Question 6

What is sampling used for?

Answer 6

to try to draw conclusions about the population

Question 7

when is a sample representative?

Answer 7

when it reflects the attributes of the target population

Question 8

when is a sample biased?

Answer 8

when it does not reflect the attributes of the target population

Question 9

simple random sampling

Answer 9

Each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 10

problem of simple random sampling

Answer 10

specific features of the population might not be represented

Question 11

probability sampling

Answer 11

Each member of the population has a defined probability of being selected for the sample.

Question 12

problem of probability sampling

Answer 12

the probability of selecting each individual in the population needs to be known

Question 13

stratified sampling

Answer 13

The proportion of important features in the population are represented precisely.

Question 14

problem of stratified sampling

Answer 14

The researcher has to decide which features of the population should be proportionally represented in the sample.

Question 15

clustered sampling

Answer 15

The researcher randomly selects a cluster of people all having some features in common.

Question 16

nonprobability sampling

Answer 16

Each member of the population does not have a defined probability of being selected for the sample.

Question 17

convenience sample

Answer 17

A group of individuals who meet the general requirements of the study and is recruited in a variety of non-random ways.

Question 18

purposive sampling

Answer 18

A group with specific features is selected.

Question 19

quota sampling

Answer 19

Represents specific features proportionally but in a non-random way.

Question 20

snowball sampling

Answer 20

Participants recruit other participants.

Question 21

measurement

Answer 21

the assignment of numerals to objects or events according to rules

Question 22

types of measures

Answer 22

self report, behavior, physiology

Question 23

self report measure

Answer 23

Questionnaire, Conversation, Interview, Text/ narratives

Question 24

behavior measure

Answer 24

Reaction time, Errors, Kinematics, Eye movements, Traces of behavior in environment or text

Question 25

physiology measure

Answer 25

activity of CNS, autonomous activity, somatic activity, hormonal activity

Question 26

reliability

Answer 26

the consistency of a measure

Question 27

Validity

Answer 27

a measure is said to be valid if it measures what it is designed to measure

Question 28

forms of reliability

Answer 28

test-retest reliability split-half reliability inter-rater reliability

Question 29

test-retest reliability

Answer 29

test-retest reliability measures the consistency of results when you repeat the same test on the same sample at a different point in time

Question 30

what measures is test-retest reliability good for?

Answer 30

measures that are assumed to be relatively stabile over time

Question 31

what is essential for test-retest reliability?

Answer 31

timing

Question 32

why is timing essential for test-retest reliability?

Answer 32

* if too long, the measured construct might have changed * if too short, participants might remember how they answered at T1

Question 33

split-half reliability

Answer 33

- split measure into two halves and compute the correlation - measures the internal consistency of a test

Question 34

what is the advantage of split-half reliability? and when ist it good?

Answer 34

- is quick and easy to apply - good if all items measure the same construct and there are many items

Question 35

inter-rater reliability

Answer 35

- interrater reliability (also called interobserver reliability) measures the degree of agreement between different people observing or assessing the same thing - assesses the external consistency of a test

Question 36

content validity

Answer 36

Does the content of a measure make sense in terms of the construct being measured

Question 37

face validity

Answer 37

- Concerns whether the measure seems valid to those who are taking it - Not very essential from a measurement perspective. - Sometimes one even wants to avoid it (e.g. implicit measures)

Question 38

criterion validity

Answer 38

determines whether the measure is related to some behavioural outcome or criterion that has been established by prior research

Question 39

predictive validity

Answer 39

whether the measure can accurately forecast some future behavior

Question 40

concurrent validity

Answer 40

whether the measure can accurately predict present criteria

Question 41

construct validity

Answer 41

- determines whether a test adequately measures some construct - because constructs cannot be observed directly, construct validity has to be established indirectly

Question 42

convergent validity

Answer 42

scores on a test measuring some construct should relate to scores on other tests that are theoretically related to the construct

Question 43

discriminant validity

Answer 43

test measuring some construct should not be related to scores on other measures that are theoretically unrelated to the construct