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RM > 02 > Flashcards

02 Flashcards

1
Q

Define theory

A

coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

is a specific prediction about a new phenomenon that should be observed if a particular theory is accurate

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3
Q

Attributes of a good theory

A

falsifiable: a theory must be formulated precisely enough to be falsifiable

Parsimonious: A theory must be formulated so that it includes the minimum number of constructs and assumptions needed to explain the phenomenon adequately and predict future research outcomes

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4
Q

Construct

A
  • a psychological construct is a label for a cluster or domain of covarying behaviours
  • it is a tool to facilitate understanding of human behaviour
  • constructs are not directly observable
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5
Q

Operational definition

A

A description of a construct in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured

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6
Q

What is sampling used for?

A

to try to draw conclusions about the population

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7
Q

when is a sample representative?

A

when it reflects the attributes of the target population

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8
Q

when is a sample biased?

A

when it does not reflect the attributes of the target population

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9
Q

simple random sampling

A

Each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.

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10
Q

problem of simple random sampling

A

specific features of the population might not be represented

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11
Q

probability sampling

A

Each member of the population has a defined probability of being selected for the sample.

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12
Q

problem of probability sampling

A

the probability of selecting each individual in the population needs to be known

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13
Q

stratified sampling

A

The proportion of important features in the population are represented precisely.

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14
Q

problem of stratified sampling

A

The researcher has to decide which features of the population should be proportionally represented in the sample.

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15
Q

clustered sampling

A

The researcher randomly selects a cluster of people all having some features in common.

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16
Q

nonprobability sampling

A

Each member of the population does not have a defined probability of being selected for the sample.

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17
Q

convenience sample

A

A group of individuals who meet the general requirements of the study and is recruited in a variety of non-random ways.

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18
Q

purposive sampling

A

A group with specific features is selected.

19
Q

quota sampling

A

Represents specific features proportionally but in a non-random way.

20
Q

snowball sampling

A

Participants recruit other participants.

21
Q

measurement

A

the assignment of numerals to objects or events according to rules

22
Q

types of measures

A

self report, behavior, physiology

23
Q

self report measure

A

Questionnaire, Conversation, Interview, Text/ narratives

24
Q

behavior measure

A

Reaction time, Errors, Kinematics, Eye movements, Traces of behavior in environment or text

25
Q

physiology measure

A

activity of CNS, autonomous activity, somatic activity, hormonal activity

26
Q

reliability

A

the consistency of a measure

27
Q

Validity

A

a measure is said to be valid if it measures what it is designed to measure

28
Q

forms of reliability

A

test-retest reliability
split-half reliability
inter-rater reliability

29
Q

test-retest reliability

A

test-retest reliability measures the consistency of results when you repeat the same test on the same sample at a different point in time

30
Q

what measures is test-retest reliability good for?

A

measures that are assumed to be relatively stabile over time

31
Q

what is essential for test-retest reliability?

A

timing

32
Q

why is timing essential for test-retest reliability?

A
  • if too long, the measured construct might have changed
  • if too short, participants might remember how they answered at T1
33
Q

split-half reliability

A
  • split measure into two halves and compute the correlation
  • measures the internal consistency of a test
34
Q

what is the advantage of split-half reliability? and when ist it good?

A
  • is quick and easy to apply
  • good if all items measure the same construct and there are many items
35
Q

inter-rater reliability

A
  • interrater reliability (also called interobserver reliability) measures the degree of agreement between different people observing or assessing the same thing
  • assesses the external consistency of a test
36
Q

content validity

A

Does the content of a measure make sense in terms of the construct being measured

37
Q

face validity

A
  • Concerns whether the measure seems valid to those who are taking it
  • Not very essential from a measurement perspective.
  • Sometimes one even wants to avoid it (e.g. implicit measures)
38
Q

criterion validity

A

determines whether the measure is related to some behavioural outcome or criterion that has been established by prior research

39
Q

predictive validity

A

whether the measure can accurately forecast some future behavior

40
Q

concurrent validity

A

whether the measure can accurately predict present criteria

41
Q

construct validity

A
  • determines whether a test adequately measures some construct
  • because constructs cannot be observed directly, construct validity has to be established indirectly
42
Q

convergent validity

A

scores on a test measuring some construct should relate to scores on other tests that are theoretically related to the construct

43
Q

discriminant validity

A

test measuring some construct should not be related to scores on other measures that are theoretically unrelated to the construct

RM (10 decks)

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