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00-00-00-antibiotics > 01 - serum chem > Flashcards

01 - serum chem Flashcards

1
Q

(BUN)

  1. 3 causes of increase?
A
  1. ↓ GFR
  2. ^protein diet/GI hemorrhage
  3. ^protein catabolism
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2
Q

(BUN)

  1. 4 causes of ↓ BUN
A
  1. liver failure/shunts
  2. low protein diets
  3. PU/PD (cause and effect)
  4. young animals
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3
Q

(creatinine)

  1. two causes of increase?
A
  1. ↓ GFR
  2. high protein diet
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4
Q

(creatinine)

decrease not significant

A
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5
Q

(Calcium)

  1. 6 causes of decrease
A
  1. ↓albumin
  2. renal failure

3-4. GI (pancreatitis, malabsorption)

5-6. (endocrine) 1° hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption (PLE)

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6
Q

(Calcium)

  1. 6 causes of ^?
A
  1. ^albumin
  2. vitamin D
  3. cancer (lymphoma, anal sac, thymoma)
  4. renal failure
  5. Addison’s
  6. 1° hyperparathyroidism
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7
Q

3 causes of ↓Ca, normal P

A
  1. ↓ albumin
  2. acute pancreatitis
  3. drugs (glucocorticoids)
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8
Q

2 causes of ↓Ca, ^P

A
  1. 1° hypoparathyroidism
  2. ethylene glycol
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9
Q

1 cause of ↓Ca, ↓P

A
  1. decreased intestinal absorption
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10
Q

two causes of ^Ca, ↓ to normal P

A
  1. 1° hyperparathyroidism
  2. hypercalcemia of malignancy (lymphoma, multiple myeloma, anal sac)
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11
Q

two causes of ^Ca, ^ P

A
  1. ^ vitamin D
  2. addison’s (^intestinal/renal absorption)
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12
Q

1 cause of normal Ca, ^P

A
  1. DECREASED GFR most common
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13
Q

1 cause of normal Ca, ↓P

A
  1. shift into cells with hyperglycemia and ^insulin

(rarely significant)

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14
Q

1 cause of ^Mg

A

decreased GFR

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15
Q

(↓albumin/↓globulin)

  1. 5 causes
A
  1. overhydration

(non-selective loss)

  1. third space
  2. GI disease (esp PLE)
  3. burns
  4. external hemorrhage
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16
Q

↓albumin/normal globulins

2 causes

A
  1. non-selective loss + inflammation balancing globulin loss

(third space, GI, cutaneous, external hemorrhage + inflam)

  1. selective loss from kidney
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17
Q

(↓albumin/^globulins)

  1. 5 causes
A
  1. inflammation
  2. hematopoeitic malignancy (lymphoma, multiple myeloma)
  3. liver failure
  4. PLE
  5. starvation
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18
Q

(^globulins/normal albumin)

2 causes?

A
  1. inflammation
  2. paraneoplastic
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19
Q

(^globulin/^albumin)

1 cause

A

dehydration (or dehydration + inflammation)

20
Q

5 dilutional causes of ↓Na

A
  1. preg/neonate
  2. CHF
  3. postrenal azotemia/uroabdomen
  4. cirrhotic liver dz
  5. DM
21
Q

(↓Na)

  1. 4 causes when loss of Na > water
A
  1. diarrhea
  2. renal dz (diuresis)
  3. ketonuria
  4. addisons
22
Q

↓ Na

4 causes when loss of Na = water, replaced by water

A
  1. hemorrhage
  2. 3rd space loss
  3. burns
  4. diarrhea
23
Q

two causes of ^Na

A
  1. decreased water intake
  2. loss of water > Na: panting, some renal/GI
24
Q

(↓ chloride)

  1. if proportional to Na, see sodium
  2. if disproportionate, what two causes?
A
  1. with ^bicarb: upper GI fluid loss/stasis
  2. with normal/dec bicarb: probably mixed acid/base disorder
25
Q

(^chloride)

  1. if disproportionate to Na

what two causes?

A
  1. w/ dec bicarb: metabolic acidosis
  2. with normal/^bicarb: probably mixed acid/base disorder
26
Q

(↓ potassium)

  1. two causes?
A
  1. anorexia
  2. intracellular shift (^insulin/glucose, alkalosis)
27
Q

(^ potassium)

  1. 4 causes
A
  1. failure of elimination (oliguria/anuria/post-renal)
  2. addison’s
  3. insulin/deficiency resistance (DM)
  4. metabolic acidosis (translocation)
28
Q

(bicarbonate)

  1. 1 cause of increase?
A
  1. loss of acid (GI or renal)
29
Q

↓ bicarb

  1. with high anion gap
  2. with normal anion gap
A
  1. excessive acid: ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, uremic acidosis
  2. ^ bicarb losses (GI or renal)
30
Q

(decreased anion gap)

2 causes

A
  1. low albumin
  2. ^ cationic proteins (rare, gammopathy)
31
Q

(^anion gap)

  1. usually due to what?
A
  1. accumulation of anionic acids (lactic, keto, uremic)
32
Q

(^bilirubin)

3 broad causes

A

pre-hepatic cholestasis

hepatic cholestasis

post-hepatic cholestasis

33
Q

(^bilirubin)

evidence of pre-hepatic cholestasis

A
  1. anemia (usually regen)

RBC morph (sphero, heinz, schistocytes)

34
Q

(^bilirubin)

  1. 4 causes of hepatic cholestasis
A

dec liver fx (↓BUN, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, low USG, ^Pt)

sepsis (inflam leukogram, hypoglycemia, Cx)

lepto (+ renal azotemia)

anorexia (+/- cats, not dogs)

35
Q

^bilirubin

causes of post hepatic cholestasis

A

(blockage of bile caniculi or ducts)

choleliths, mucocele, neoplasia, inflammation, pancreatitis

36
Q

5 causes of ^ALP

A
  1. post-hepatic cholestasis
  2. bone-growth/disease
  3. corticosteroids (cushing’s)
  4. phenobarb
  5. metabolic: DM, hyperT4
37
Q

(^GGT)

2 causes

A

post-hepatic cholestasis or biliary hyperplasia

inductino by drugs or hormones (similar to ALP: steroids, phenobarb)

38
Q

(^ALT)

6 causes

A
  1. 1° liver dz (inflam, infectious, neoplastic, toxic, trauma, fatty infiltration)

(secondary)

  1. ↓perfusion/hypoxia
  2. post-hepatic cholestasis
  3. intestinal dz
  4. pancreatic dz
  5. endocrine (DM, hyperT4)
39
Q

(^AST)

  1. +^ALT = ?
    • ^CK = ?
A
  1. hepatocellular dmg
  2. skeletal muscle dmg
40
Q

(^amylase)

3 causes

A
  1. ↓GFR
  2. intestinal dz
  3. pancreatitis/pancreatic neoplasia
41
Q

(↓ glucose)

2 broad causes

A

↓production

excessive use/cellular uptake

42
Q

↓glucose from ↓ production

4 causes

A
  1. liver failure
  2. sepsis
  3. hypoadrenocorticism
  4. young animals/small breed
43
Q

↓glucose from escessive use/cellular uptake

3 causes

A
  1. sepsis
  2. insulin overdose
  3. paraneoplastic (insulinoma)
44
Q

(^glucose)

  1. 6 causes
A
  1. post-prandial
  2. stress
  3. DM
  4. Cushing’s
  5. hyperT4 (Cats)
  6. pancreatitis
45
Q

3 causes of ↓cholesterol

A
  1. liver failure
  2. addison’s
  3. PLE
46
Q

^cholesterol

7 causes

A
  1. post-pradial
  2. DM
  3. Cushing’s
  4. pancreatitis
  5. hypoT4
  6. post-hepatic cholestasis
  7. nephrotic syndrome

00-00-00-antibiotics (3 decks)

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